{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T21:17:15Z","timestamp":1773523035726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ersjournals.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breathe"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world with more than a million people dying of TB each year. Accurate and timely TB diagnosis has the potential to alleviate the global TB burden; therefore, one of the pillars of the End TB Strategy developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the early diagnosis of TB, including universal drug-susceptibility testing (DST). The WHO emphasises the importance of DST before treatment initiation, using molecular WHO-recommended rapid diagnostic tests (mWRDs). Currently available mWRDs are nucleic acid amplification tests, line probe assays, whole genome sequencing, and targeted next-generation sequencing. However, implementing the sequencing mWRDs in routine laboratories in low-income countries is constrained by the existing infrastructure, high cost, the specialised skills needed, data storage, and the current delay in results compared with other routine methods. These limitations are pronounced in resource-limited settings, which often have a high TB burden and need for innovative TB diagnostic technologies. In this article we propose several possible solutions, like adapting infrastructure capacity to needs, advocating for lowering costs, building bioinformatics and laboratory capacity, and increasing the use of open-access resources for software and publications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0226-2022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T09:45:27Z","timestamp":1676367927000},"page":"220226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Implementing molecular tuberculosis diagnostic methods in limited-resource and high-burden countries"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5336-7859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Vasiliu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5896-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia Morita Iswari","family":"Saktiawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9691-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6415-1535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Maria","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global Tuberculosis Report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240037021"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis \u2013 module 3: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240029415"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6399-8","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for eliminating tuberculosis \u2013 leveraging political momentum of the UN high-level meeting on tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv108"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00301-3","article-title":"The 2021 WHO catalogue of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex mutations associated with drug resistance: a genotypic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.6","first-page":"100115","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing for drug-resistant tuberculosis management in South Africa: what gaps would this address and what are the challenges to implementation?","volume":"16","author":"Dlamini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94297-z","article-title":"Implementation of whole genome sequencing for tuberculosis diagnostics in a low-middle income, high MDR-TB burden country","volume":"11","author":"Vogel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bbaa246","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa246","article-title":"Capacity building for whole genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bioinformatics in high TB burden countries","volume":"22","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0252526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252526","article-title":"Implementation of a COVID-19 genomic surveillance regional network for Latin America and Caribbean region","volume":"17","author":"Leite","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.10","first-page":"587","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing contributions and challenges in disease reduction focused on malaria","volume":"11","author":"Akoniyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16322-5","article-title":"Integrating whole-genome sequencing within the National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program in the Philippines","volume":"11","author":"Argim\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30562-4","article-title":"Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study","volume":"20","author":"Meredith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.53567.1","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda: implementation of the low-cost ARTIC protocol in resource-limited settings","volume":"10","author":"Mboowa","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01108-x"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.196295.115"},{"key":"2024101704055582000_18.4.220226.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbu022"}],"container-title":["Breathe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1183\/20734735.0226-2022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T11:53:58Z","timestamp":1729166038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/publications.ersnet.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1183\/20734735.0226-2022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1183\/20734735.0226-2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/20734735.0226-2022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1810-6838","2073-4735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1810-6838","type":"print"},{"value":"2073-4735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}}}