{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T20:08:06Z","timestamp":1777320486896,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"European Respiratory Society (ERS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["publications.ersnet.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Breathe"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge despite ongoing control efforts, particularly in the context of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB), where treatment success rates remain low, underscoring the need for new therapeutic options. This review synthesises current evidence, since the publication of the World Health Organization guidelines in 2022, on the safety and efficacy of existing and new regimens for drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) and DR-TB in adults and children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comprehensive search was performed across three databases for studies published between January 2022 and February 2024, focusing on current and new TB treatment regimens. Additional backward and forward citation searches were conducted to identify relevant literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>35 studies were included, evaluating the efficacy, safety and economic impact of new oral regimens for DS-TB and DR-TB. Regimens based on bedaquiline or delamanid demonstrated high success rates and good tolerability. The BPaLM (bedaquiline, pretomanid, linezolid and moxifloxacin) regimen was more effective and safer than the standard care, while shorter DR-TB regimens reduced costs and increased success rates. However, shorter regimens for DS-TB were associated with increased drug costs. Though limited, paediatric studies suggest that shorter, safer regimens may benefit children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence supports the adoption of shorter treatment regimens for both DR-TB and DS-TB to improve safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, particularly in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0232-2024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T09:25:36Z","timestamp":1742289936000},"page":"240232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/ers-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Update in tuberculosis treatment: a scoping review of current practices"],"prefix":"10.1183","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6121-6883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia R.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Mar\u00e7al","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"81","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report 2023. Date last accessed: 29 September 2024. Date last updated: 7 November 2023. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/world\/global-tuberculosis-report-2023"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: Treatment \u2013 Drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2022. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/365308\/9789240063129-eng.pdf"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.3","unstructured":"World Health Organization . WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 4: Treatment \u2013 Drug-susceptible tuberculosis treatment. 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Nine-month, all-oral regimens for rifampin-resistant tuberculosis. medRxiv 2024; preprint [https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.01.29.24301679].","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.29.24301679"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039399","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1039399","article-title":"Effect of a modified regimen on drug-sensitive retreated pulmonary tuberculosis: a multicenter study in China","volume":"11","author":"Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2104535","article-title":"Shorter treatment for nonsevere tuberculosis in African and Indian children","volume":"386","author":"Turkova","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212537"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"EVIDoa2300054","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300054","article-title":"Four-month high-dose rifampicin regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Jindani","year":"2023","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00498-3","article-title":"Economic evaluation of shortened, bedaquiline-containing treatment regimens for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (STREAM stage 2): a within-trial analysis of a randomised controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Rosu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0104823","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01048-23","article-title":"Effects of bedaquiline combined with fluoroquinolone and\/or clofazimine on QT interval in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121231171350","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121231171350","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions and associated factors in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a retrospective review of patient medical records at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda","volume":"11","author":"Kushemererwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_88_23","article-title":"Safety of antituberculosis agents used for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among patients attending the Jamot Hospital of Yaounde, Cameroon","volume":"12","author":"Mpoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050811","article-title":"Safety profile of medicines used for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a descriptive study based on the WHO database (VigiBase\u00ae)","volume":"12","author":"Duga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac019","article-title":"Safety of treatment regimens containing bedaquiline and delamanid in the endTB cohort","volume":"75","author":"Hewison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00622-2021"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac124","article-title":"Costs and import costs of past, present, and future TB drug regimens: a case study for Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan","volume":"45","author":"Kohler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-007182"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8080411","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of the BEAT-TB regimen for pre-extensively drug-resistant TB","volume":"8","author":"Muniyandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100288","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of a shorter moxifloxacin based regimen for treating drug sensitive tuberculosis in India","volume":"7","author":"Muniyandi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Key updates to the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis: rapid communication, June 2024. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2024. doi:10.2471\/B09123","DOI":"10.2471\/B09123"},{"key":"2025031821300809000_21.1.240232.45","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis. Module 5: Management of tuberculosis in children and adolescents. 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