{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T07:48:24Z","timestamp":1791186504425,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Medical Research and Opinion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"DOI":"10.1185\/030079905x56493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,17]],"date-time":"2005-09-17T02:32:57Z","timestamp":1126924377000},"page":"1337-1346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Alcoholic hepatitis: from pathogenesis to treatment"],"prefix":"10.1185","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Sougioultzis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Dalakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. C.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. N.","family":"Plevris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and University of Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1355621961000124976"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196703000-00006"},{"issue":"206","key":"CIT0003","first-page":"232","volume":"52","author":"Hislop WS","year":"1983","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040525"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03401845","volume":"7","author":"Monzoni A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24236"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0009","first-page":"715","volume":"29","author":"Iron A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260119"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02670.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0012","first-page":"2000","volume":"124","author":"Brind A","year":"2003","journal-title":"The role of polymorphism in manganese superoxide dismutase in susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0014","first-page":"493","volume":"37","author":"Bataller R","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genetic polymorphisms and the progression of liver fibrosis: a critical appraisal. Hepatology"},{"key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655202753387437"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02030.x","volume":"95","author":"Takamatsu M","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250120"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/47.2.235","volume":"47","author":"Iturriaga H","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0021","first-page":"798","volume":"15","author":"Pianko S","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol consumption induces hepatocyte apoptosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120608"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(02)00201-X"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(03)00128-9"},{"key":"CIT0025","first-page":"707","volume":"1","author":"Baptista A","year":"1981","journal-title":"Review by an international group. Lancet"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0650rev"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1988.tb01350.x"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00047-7"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0029","first-page":"408","volume":"7","author":"Stewart S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcoholic liver disease: new insights into mechanisms and preventative strategies. Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00089-1"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070607"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250619"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50049"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9024302"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90288-O"},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840200614"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00773-0"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.00797.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0040","first-page":"8","volume":"4","author":"Bode C","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endotoxemia in patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis and in subjects with no evidence of chronic liver disease following acute alcohol excess. J Hepatol"},{"key":"CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1184"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00490-8"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432007"},{"key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1441"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1990.tb00482.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0046","first-page":"917","volume":"112","author":"Bird GL","year":"1990","journal-title":"Increased plasma tumor necrosis factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70354-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0048","first-page":"1530","volume":"26","author":"Iimuro Y","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat. Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0049","first-page":"1409","volume":"66","author":"Heyninck K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nuclear factor-kappa B plays a central role in tumour necrosis factor-mediated liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20189"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00442-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0052","first-page":"113","volume":"29","author":"Kawahara H","year":"1994","journal-title":"Is apoptosis involved in alcoholic hepatitis? Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0053","first-page":"337","volume":"431","author":"Zhao M","year":"1997","journal-title":"TUNEL-positive hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease. A retrospective biopsy study using DNA nick end-labelling. Virchows Arch"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0054","first-page":"34","volume":"80","author":"Wyllie AH","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00110-0"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0056","first-page":"1021","volume":"76","author":"Menon KV","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02661.x"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(99)00044-0"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(93)90008-G"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80022-2","volume":"95","author":"Williams AL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Relationship to cirrhosis. Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0063","first-page":"1018","volume":"94","author":"Sorbi D","year":"1999","journal-title":"The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0064","first-page":"193","volume":"75","author":"Maddrey WC","year":"1978","journal-title":"Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030602"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(96)80156-5"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80391-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0068","first-page":"760","volume":"34","author":"Mundle G","year":"1999","journal-title":"Influence of age, alcohol consumption and abstinence on the sensitivity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase and mean corpuscular volume. Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90861-4"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964410"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0071","first-page":"909","volume":"27","author":"Chapman RW","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hepatic iron stores and markers of iron overload in alcoholics and patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis. Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80011-1"},{"key":"CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-111-6-473"},{"key":"CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008123"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007349"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-9-685","volume":"110","author":"Jr RL Carithers","year":"1989","journal-title":"A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0078","first-page":"311","volume":"74","author":"Helman RA","year":"1971","journal-title":"Natural history and evaluation of prednisolone therapy. Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202203260802"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0081","first-page":"477","volume":"22","author":"Blitzer BL","year":"1977","journal-title":"A prospective, double-blind randomized study. Am J Dig Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-79-5-625","volume":"79","author":"Campra JL","year":"1973","journal-title":"Report of a controlled trial. Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0083","first-page":"524","volume":"78","author":"Depew W","year":"1980","journal-title":"Double-blind controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis and spontaneous encephalopathy. Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"23","key":"CIT0084","first-page":"1464","volume":"311","author":"Mendenhall CL","year":"1984","journal-title":"Short-term and long-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and prednisolone. New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"CIT0085","first-page":"1350","volume":"284","author":"Porter HP","year":"1971","journal-title":"Corticosteroid therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis. A double-blind drug trial. New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0087","first-page":"75","volume":"23","author":"Theodossi A","year":"1982","journal-title":"Controlled trial of methylprednisolone therapy in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis. Gut"},{"key":"CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-4-299"},{"key":"CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00289-6"},{"key":"CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.37.1.113"},{"key":"CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00587.x"},{"key":"CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.09038"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0094","first-page":"S2\u2013S13","volume":"38","author":"Stewart SF","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(88)81271-3"},{"key":"CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20826"},{"key":"CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04033.x"},{"key":"CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1568-9972(03)00048-X"},{"key":"CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00230-1"},{"key":"CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20206"},{"key":"CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.089"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.3.1548","volume":"151","author":"Mohler KM","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5038","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.10.5038","volume":"155","author":"Suffredini AF","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04034.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0106","first-page":"211","volume":"76","author":"Mendenhall CL","year":"1984","journal-title":"Protein-calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis [Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group on Alcoholic Hepatitis]. Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0107","first-page":"213","volume":"43","author":"Mendenhall CL","year":"1986","journal-title":"II: prognostic significance of protein-calorie malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007349"},{"key":"CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01660.x"},{"key":"CIT0111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140624"},{"key":"CIT0112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(88)80483-5"},{"key":"CIT0113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8627"},{"issue":"12","key":"CIT0114","first-page":"1375","volume":"16","author":"Alvarez MA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Combining steroids with enteral nutrition: a better therapeutic strategy for severe alcoholic hepatitis? Results of a pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"CIT0115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240625"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906501008","volume":"65","author":"Detry O","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"CIT0118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00334-3"},{"key":"CIT0120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.1999.06122.x"},{"key":"CIT0121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00006"},{"key":"CIT0122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00086-7"},{"key":"CIT0123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00047-8"},{"key":"CIT0125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199906270-00010"},{"key":"CIT0126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05671.x"},{"key":"CIT0127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500030308"},{"key":"CIT0128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170407"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0129","first-page":"1674","volume":"97","author":"Rambaldi A","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease: a Cochrane review. Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"CIT0130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.3.1157"},{"key":"CIT0131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(87)80577-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90250-X","volume":"80","author":"Baker AL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0133","first-page":"1097","volume":"14","author":"Bird G","year":"1991","journal-title":"Insulin and glucagon infusion in acute alcoholic hepatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Hepatology"},{"key":"CIT0134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150115"},{"key":"CIT0135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.3.1137"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(79)80136-5","volume":"76","author":"Orrego H","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"CIT0138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.210606.x"},{"key":"CIT0140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90973-5"},{"key":"CIT0141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcg076"},{"key":"CIT0142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02722.x"}],"container-title":["Current Medical Research and Opinion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1185\/030079905X56493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]],"date-time":"2025-01-04T09:52:46Z","timestamp":1735984366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1185\/030079905X56493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,20]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1185\/030079905X56493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1185\/030079905x56493","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-7995","1473-4877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-7995","type":"print"},{"value":"1473-4877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,20]]}}}