{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T15:59:09Z","timestamp":1771257549263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Headache Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTH) after mild head injury can be difficult to manage. Research is scarce and successful interventions are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n            <jats:p>To evaluate the effect of a group-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) intervention in relation to headache, pain perception, psychological symptoms and quality of life in patients with CPTH.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Ninety patients with CPTH according to ICHD-2 criteria were enrolled from the Danish Headache Center into a randomized, controlled trial. Patients were randomly assigned to either a waiting list group or to a nine-week CBT group intervention. At baseline and after 26\u00a0weeks all patients completed the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, SF-36, SCL-90-R and a headache diary.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The CBT had no effect on headache and pressure pain thresholds and only a minor impact on the CPTH patients\u2019 quality of life, psychological distress, and the overall experience of symptoms. The waiting-list group experienced no change in headache but, opposed to the treatment group, a significant decrease in somatic and cognitive symptoms indicating a spontaneous remission over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our primarily negative findings confirm that management of patients with CPTH still remains a considerable challenge. Psychological group therapy with CBT might be effective in an earlier stage of CPTH and in less severely affected patients but our findings strongly underline the need for randomized controlled studies to test the efficacy of psychological therapy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T04:01:58Z","timestamp":1417492918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Cognitive behavioural treatment for the chronic post-traumatic headache patient: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dorte","family":"Kjeldgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hysse B","family":"Forchhammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas W","family":"Teasdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rigmor H","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01461.x","volume":"49","author":"J Gladstone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gladstone J: From Psychoneurosis to ICHD-2: An Overview of the State of the Art in Post-Traumatic Headache. Headache: J Headache Pain 2009, 49(7):1097\u20131111. 10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2009.01461.x","journal-title":"Headache: J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1023_CR2","first-page":"9","volume":"24","author":"Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society","year":"2004","unstructured":"Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society: The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004, 24(Suppl 1):9\u2013160.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658","volume":"33","author":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society","year":"2013","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society: The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013, 33(9):629\u2013808.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01577.x","volume":"28","author":"K Aaseth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aaseth K, Grande RB, Kvaerner KJ, Gulbrandsen P, Lundqvist C, Russell MB: Prevalence of secondary chronic headaches in a population-based sample of 30\u201344-year-old persons. The Akershus study of chronic headache. Cephalalgia 2008, 28(7):705\u2013713. 10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01577.x","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01645.x","volume":"50","author":"RW Evans","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evans RW: Persistent Post-Traumatic Headache, Postconcussion Syndrome, and Whiplash Injuries: The Evidence for a Non-Traumatic Basis With an Historical Review. Headache: J Headache Pain 2010, 50(4):716\u2013724. 10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2010.01645.x","journal-title":"Headache: J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e4622a","volume":"26","author":"RT Lange","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lange RT, Iverson GL, Rose A: Depression strongly influences postconcussion symptom reporting following mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2011, 26(2):127\u2013137. 10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e4622a","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.06.003","volume":"4","author":"TK Watanabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Watanabe TK, Bell KR, Walker WC, Schomer K: Systematic review of interventions for post-traumatic headache. PM R 2012, 4(2):129\u2013140. 10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.06.003","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"12","key":"1023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00980.x","volume":"25","author":"P Zeeberg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zeeberg P, Olesen J, Jensen R: Efficacy of multidisciplinary treatment in a tertiary referral headache centre. Cephalalgia 2005, 25(12):1159\u20131167. 10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.00980.x","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31822721f8","volume":"26","author":"NDM Zasler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zasler NDM: Pharmacotherapy and Posttraumatic Cephalalgia. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2011, 26(5):397\u2013399. 10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31822721f8","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"10 Suppl 2","key":"1023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2011.07.016","volume":"3","author":"S Lucas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lucas S: Headache management in concussion and mild traumatic brain injury. PM R 2011, 3(10 Suppl 2):S406-S412.","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12254","volume":"54","author":"C DiTommaso","year":"2014","unstructured":"DiTommaso C, Hoffman JM, Lucas S, Dikmen S, Temkin N, Bell KR: Medication usage patterns for headache treatment after mild traumatic brain injury. Headache 2014, 54(3):511\u2013519. 10.1111\/head.12254","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/01.phm.0000223235.09931.c0","volume":"85","author":"HL Lew","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lew HL, Lin PH, Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Clark DJ, Walker WC: Characteristics and treatment of headache after traumatic brain injury - A focused review. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006, 85(7):619\u2013627. 10.1097\/01.phm.0000223235.09931.c0","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00818.x","volume":"25","author":"L Baandrup","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baandrup L, Jensen R: Chronic post-traumatic headache\u2013a clinical analysis in relation to the International Headache Classification 2nd Edition. Cephalalgia 2005, 25(2):132\u2013138. 10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2004.00818.x","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050400005176","volume":"19","author":"B Gurr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gurr B, Coetzer BR: The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic headaches. Brain Inj 2005, 19(7):481\u2013491. 10.1080\/02699050400005176","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"1023_CR15","volume-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy, basics and beyond","author":"JS Beck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beck JS: Cognitive behavior therapy, basics and beyond. Guilford Press, New York; 2011."},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04031.x","volume":"5","author":"JM Nash","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nash JM, Park ER, Walker BB, Gordon N, Nicholson RA: Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for disabling headache. Pain Med 2004, 5(2):178\u2013186. 10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04031.x","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"1023_CR17","volume-title":"Personality profile and psychological treatment of patients with chronic post-traumatic headache. Ph.D thesis","author":"D Kjeldgaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kjeldgaard D: Personality profile and psychological treatment of patients with chronic post-traumatic headache. Ph.D thesis. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen,Denmark; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413505236","volume":"34","author":"D Kjeldgaard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kjeldgaard D, Forchhammer H, Teasdale T, Jensen RH: Chronic post-traumatic headache after mild head injury: A descriptive study. Cephalalgia 2014, 34(3):191\u2013200. 10.1177\/0333102413505236","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.4502004.x","volume":"45","author":"DB Penzien","year":"2005","unstructured":"Penzien DB, Andrasik F, Freidenberg BM, Houle TT, Lake AE III, Lipchik GL, Holroyd KA, Lipton RB, McCrory DC, Nash JM, Nicholson RA, Powers SW, Rains JC, Wittrock DA: Guidelines for trials of behavioral treatments for recurrent headache, first edition: American Headache Society Behavioral Clinical Trials Workgroup. Headache 2005, 45(Suppl 2):S110-S132.","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"1023_CR20","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Cognitive-behavioral treatment of postconcussion syndrome: A therapist's manual","author":"RJ Ferguson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ferguson RJ, Mittenberg W: Cognitive-behavioral treatment of postconcussion syndrome: A therapist's manual. 1996, 615\u2013655."},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(95)00006-5","volume":"39","author":"RR Jacobson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jacobson RR: The post-concussional syndrome: physiogenesis, psychogenesis and malingering. An integrative model. J Psychosom Res 1995, 39(6):675\u2013693. 10.1016\/0022-3999(95)00006-5","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014576505223","volume":"27","author":"F Stetter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stetter F, Kupper S: Autogenic training: a meta-analysis of clinical outcome studies. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2002, 27(1):45\u201398. 10.1023\/A:1014576505223","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"1023_CR23","volume-title":"Management of chronic headaches : a psychological approach","author":"EB Blanchard","year":"1985","unstructured":"Blanchard EB, Andrasik F: Management of chronic headaches : a psychological approach. Pergamon Press, New York; 1985."},{"issue":"6","key":"1023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.1992.00369.x","volume":"12","author":"MB Russell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Russell MB, Rasmussen BK, Brennum J, Iversen HK, Jensen RA, Olesen J: Presentation of a new instrument: the diagnostic headache diary. Cephalalgia 1992, 12(6):369\u2013374. 10.1111\/j.1468-2982.1992.00369.x","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"15","key":"1023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411424212","volume":"31","author":"R Jensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jensen R, Tassorelli C, Rossi P, Allena M, Osipova V, Steiner T, Sandrini G, Olesen J, Nappi G: A basic diagnostic headache diary (BDHD) is well accepted and useful in the diagnosis of headache. a multicentre European and Latin American study. Cephalalgia 2011, 31(15):1549\u20131560. 10.1177\/0333102411424212","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550040113021","volume":"53","author":"L Bendtsen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Olesen J: Decreased pain detection and tolerance thresholds in chronic tension-type headache. Arch Neurol 1996, 53(4):373\u2013376. 10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550040113021","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"1023_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00091-2","volume":"51","author":"JB Bjorner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bjorner JB, Thunedborg K, Kristensen TS, Modvig J, Bech P: The Danish SF-36 Health Survey: translation and preliminary validity studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1998, 51(11):991\u2013999. 10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00091-2","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012588218728","volume":"10","author":"JE Ware","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ware JE, Kosinski M: Interpreting SF-36 summary health measures: a response. Qual Life Res 2001, 10(5):405\u2013413. 10.1023\/A:1012588218728","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"1023_CR29","first-page":"AS264","volume":"33","author":"JE Ware Jr","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ware JE Jr, Kosinski M, Bayliss MS, McHorney CA, Rogers WH, Raczek A: Comparison of methods for the scoring and statistical analysis of SF-36 health profile and summary measures: summary of results from the Medical Outcomes Study. Med Care 1995, 33(4 Suppl):AS264-AS279.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"1023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00868811","volume":"242","author":"NS King","year":"1995","unstructured":"King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT: The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol 1995, 242(9):587\u2013592. 10.1007\/BF00868811","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e47f95","volume":"26","author":"KP Sullivan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sullivan KP, Garden NB: A Comparison of the Psychometric Properties of 4 Postconcussion Syndrome Measures in a Nonclinical Sample. [Article]. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2011, 26(2):170\u2013176. 10.1097\/HTR.0b013e3181e47f95","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00399.x","volume":"110","author":"LR Olsen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Olsen LR, Mortensen EL, Bech P: The SCL-90 and SCL-90R versions validated by item response models in a Danish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004, 110(3):225\u2013229. 10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00399.x","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"1023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511761676","volume-title":"The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes","author":"PD Ellis","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ellis PD: The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK; 2010."},{"key":"1023_CR34","volume-title":"Practical statistics for medical research","author":"D Altman","year":"1991","unstructured":"Altman D: Practical statistics for medical research. Chapman & Hall, London; 1991."},{"issue":"7","key":"1023_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02191.x","volume":"52","author":"SB Munksgaard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Munksgaard SB, Bendtsen L, Jensen RH: Treatment-resistant medication overuse headache can be cured. Headache 2012, 52(7):1120\u20131129. 10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2012.02191.x","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1027326808356","volume":"28","author":"K Tatrow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tatrow K, Blanchard EB, Silverman DJ: Posttraumatic headache: an exploratory treatment study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2003, 28(4):267\u2013278. 10.1023\/A:1027326808356","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"issue":"4","key":"1023_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3204180.x","volume":"32","author":"JL Medina","year":"1992","unstructured":"Medina JL: Efficacy of an individualized outpatient program in the treatment of chronic post-traumatic headache. Headache 1992, 32(4):180\u2013183. 10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3204180.x","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"2","key":"1023_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02284689","volume":"21","author":"LP Ham","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ham LP, Packard RC: A retrospective, follow-up study of biofeedback-assisted relaxation therapy in patients with posttraumatic headache. Biofeedback Self Regul 1996, 21(2):93\u2013104. 10.1007\/BF02284689","journal-title":"Biofeedback Self Regul"},{"issue":"3","key":"1023_CR39","first-page":"285","volume":"3","author":"EJ Hickling","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hickling EJ, Blanchard EB, Schwarz SP, Silverman DJ: Headaches and motor vehicle accidents: Results of the psychological treatment of post-traumatic headache. Headache Q 1992, 3(3):285\u2013289.","journal-title":"Headache Q"},{"issue":"5","key":"1023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.04.007","volume":"34","author":"FM de Groot","year":"2011","unstructured":"de Groot FM, Voogt-Bode A, Passchier J, Berger MY, Koes BW, Verhagen AP: Headache: the Placebo Effects in the Control Groups in Randomized Clinical Trials; an Analysis of Systematic Reviews. J Manipulative Physiol Therapeu 2011, 34(5):297\u2013305. 10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.04.007","journal-title":"J Manipulative Physiol Therapeu"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Headache and Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T06:47:13Z","timestamp":1630565233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1129-2377-15-81","relation":{},"ISSN":["1129-2369","1129-2377"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1129-2369","type":"print"},{"value":"1129-2377","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 August 2014","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2014","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2014","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"81"}}