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However, intravasal coagulation and subsequent consumption coagulopathy can only partly explain the sequence of events leading to hemorrhagic diathesis manifesting as cyanosis, petechial bleeding, and ecchymosis, and to disseminated coagulation. The involvement of endothelial activation and damage in<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>-associated pathogenesis was investigated using light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and cell sorting.<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>interacted directly with endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Endothelial activation, widespread endothelial damage, and adherence of red blood cells to the endothelium were evident in<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>-infected pigs. These alterations of the endothelium were accompanied by hemorrhage, intravascular coagulation, vascular occlusion, and massive morphological changes within the parenchyma.<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>biofilm-like microcolonies formed on the surface of endothelial cells, and may represent a putative persistence mechanism of<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>. In vitro analysis demonstrated that<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>interacted with the endothelial cytoskeletal protein actin, and induced actin condensation and activation of endothelial cells, as determined by the up-regulation of ICAM, PECAM, E-selectin, and P-selectin. These findings demonstrate an additional cell tropism of HM for endothelial cells and suggest that<jats:italic>M. suis<\/jats:italic>interferes with the protective function of the endothelium, resulting in hemorrhagic diathesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]],"date-time":"2013-02-11T11:14:36Z","timestamp":1360581276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Mycoplasma suis infection results endothelial cell damage and activation: new insight into the cell tropism and pathogenicity of hemotrophic mycoplasma"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Albina","family":"Sokoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Groebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Hoelzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner M","family":"Amselgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e5rten KJ","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin M","family":"Felder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludwig E","family":"Hoelzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"212_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00773-08","volume":"77","author":"K Groebel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Groebel K, Hoelzle K, Wittenbrink MM, Ziegler U, Hoelzle LE: Mycoplasma suis invades porcine erythrocytes. 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