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The pre-S<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and -S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mutant large HBV surface antigen (LHBS), in which the pre-S<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and -S<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> regions of the LHBS gene are partially deleted, are highly associated with HBV-related HCC.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pre-S region of the LHBS gene in two hundred and one HBV-positive serum samples was PCR-amplified and sequenced. A pre-S oligonucleotide gene chip was developed to efficiently detect pre-S deletions in chronic HBV carriers. Twenty serum samples from chronic HBV carriers were analyzed using the chip.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pre-S deletion rates were relatively low (7%) in the sera of patients with acute HBV infection. They gradually increased in periods of persistent HBV infection: pre-S mutation rates were 37% in chronic HBV carriers, and as high as 60% in HCC patients. The Pre-S Gene Chip offers a highly sensitive and specific method for pre-S deletion detection and is less expensive and more efficient (turnaround time 3 days) than DNA sequencing analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The pre-S<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> mutants may emerge during the long-term persistence of the HBV genome in carriers and facilitate HCC development. Combined detection of pre-S mutations, other markers of HBV replication, and viral titers, offers a reliable predictive method for HCC risks in chronic HBV carriers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-16-84","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]],"date-time":"2009-09-15T06:15:41Z","timestamp":1252995341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["A pre-S gene chip to detect pre-S deletions in hepatitis B virus large surface antigen as a predictive marker for hepatoma risk in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fan-Ching","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ih-Jen","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Chieh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Hsuan","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Jen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kung-Chia","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Chuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Chuan","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Ni","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenya","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"84_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.2000.0321","volume":"10","author":"C Br\u00e9chot","year":"2000","unstructured":"Br\u00e9chot C, Gozuacik D, Murakami Y, Paterlini-Br\u00e9chot P: Molecular bases for the development of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). 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