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We hypothesised that these changes could result from an increase in growth factors such as TGF\u03b2 and neurotrophins.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We recruited 13 patients with persistent non-asthmatic cough despite specific treatment of associated primary cause(s), or without associated primary cause, and 19 normal non-coughing volunteers without cough as controls, who underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and bronchial biopsies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>There was a significant increase in the levels of TGF\u03b2 in BAL fluid, but not of nerve growth factor(NGF) and brain-derived nerve growth factor(BDNF) compared to normal volunteers. Levels of TFG\u03b2 gene and protein expression were assessed in bronchial biopsies. mRNA expression for TGF\u03b2 was observed in laser-captured airway smooth muscle and epithelial cells, and protein expression by immunohistochemistry was increased in ASM cells in chronic cough patients, associated with an increase in nuclear expression of the transcription factor, smad 2\/3. Subbasement membrane thickness was significantly higher in cough patients compared to normal subjects and there was a positive correlation between TGF-\u03b2 levels in BAL and basement membrane thickening.<\/jats:p><jats:p>TGF\u03b2 in the airways may be important in the airway remodelling changes observed in chronic idiopathic cough patients, that could in turn lead to activation of the cough reflex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-40","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]],"date-time":"2009-05-22T18:15:26Z","timestamp":1243016126000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Expression of transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2) in chronic idiopathic cough"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shaoping","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Nassenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang-Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kian Fan","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9621","key":"754_CR1_754","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60595-4","volume":"371","author":"KF Chung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chung KF, Pavord ID: Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough. 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