{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T07:06:39Z","timestamp":1769238399216,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,10]],"date-time":"2004-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102636800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,10]],"date-time":"2004-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Coccidioidomycosis or Valley Fever is caused by Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> in Southwest US and Central America. Primary pulmonary infection is initiated by inhalation of air-borne arthroconidia. Since, lung is the first organ that encounters arthroconidia, different components of the pulmonary innate immune system may be involved in the regulation of host defense. Pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D have been recognized to play an important role in binding and phagocytosis of various microorganisms, but their roles in Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> infection are not known.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this study, we studied the changes in amounts of pulmonary SP-A, SP-D and phospholipid in murine model of Coccidioides posadasii<\/jats:italic> infection, and binding of SP-A and SP-D to Coccidioidal antigens. Mice were challenged intranasally with a lethal dose of C. posadasii<\/jats:italic> (n = 30 arthroconidia) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected on day 10, post infection. In another group of animals, mice were immunized with protective formalin killed spherule (FKS) vaccine prior to infection. The concentrations of BALF SP-A, SP-D, total phospholipid were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and biochemical assays.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n We found that in lavage fluid samples of C. posadasii<\/jats:italic> infected mice, the concentrations of total phospholipid, SP-A and SP-D were 17 % (SEM 3.5, p < 0.001), 38 % (SEM 5.8, p < 0.001) and 4 % (SEM 1.3, p < 0.001) of those in lavage fluid samples of non-infected control mice, respectively. However, the concentrations of SP-A and SP-D remained unchanged in BALF samples of C. posadasii<\/jats:italic> protected mice after immunization with FKS vaccine. Also, we found that both SP-A and SP-D bind to Coccidiodal antigens.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Our results suggest that the C. posadasii<\/jats:italic> infection perturbs the pulmonary SP-A, SP-D, and phospholipids, potentially enabling the disease progression and promoting fungal dissemination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-5-28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,13]],"date-time":"2005-01-13T14:51:15Z","timestamp":1105627875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Coccidioides posadasii infection alters the expression of pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP)-A and SP-D"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Shanjana","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D Mitchell","family":"Magee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline J","family":"Coalson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"237_CR1_237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2307\/3761847","volume":"94","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fisher MC, Koenig GL, White TJ, Taylor JW: Molecular and phenotypic description of\n Coccidioides posadasii\n sp. 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