{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T01:37:36Z","timestamp":1792201056988,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lung function and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been associated with short-term exposure to air pollution. However, the effect of long-term exposure to particulate matter from industry and traffic on COPD as defined by lung function has not been evaluated so far. Our study was designed to investigate the influence of long-term exposure to air pollution on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in 55-year-old women. We especially focused on COPD as defined by GOLD criteria and additionally compared the effects of air pollution on respiratory symptoms by questionnaire data and by lung function measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In consecutive cross sectional studies conducted between 1985\u20131994, we investigated 4757 women living in the Rhine-Ruhr Basin of Germany. NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure was assessed by measurements done in an 8 km grid, and traffic exposure by distance from the residential address to the nearest major road using Geographic Information System data. Lung function was determined and COPD was defined by using the GOLD criteria. Chronic respiratory symptoms and possible confounders were defined by questionnaire data. Linear and logistic regressions, including random effects were used to account for confounding and clustering on city level.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of COPD (GOLD stages 1\u20134) was 4.5%. COPD and pulmonary function were strongest affected by PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      and traffic related exposure. A 7 \u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      increase in five year means of PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      (interquartile range) was associated with a 5.1% (95% CI 2.5%\u20137.7%) decrease in FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      , a 3.7% (95% CI 1.8%\u20135.5%) decrease in FVC and an odds ratio (OR) of 1.33 (95% CI 1.03\u20131.72) for COPD. Women living less than 100 m from a busy road also had a significantly decreased lung function and COPD was 1.79 times more likely (95% CI 1.06\u20133.02) than for those living farther away. Chronic symptoms as based on questionnaire information showed effects in the same direction, but less pronounced.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chronic exposure to PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      and living near a major road might increase the risk of developing COPD and can have a detrimental effect on lung function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,23]],"date-time":"2005-12-23T02:15:05Z","timestamp":1135304105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":305,"title":["Long-term air pollution exposure and living close to busy roads are associated with COPD in women"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Schikowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothea","family":"Sugiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Ranft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H-Erich","family":"Wichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"390_CR1_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.3.8087333","volume":"150","author":"J Schwartz","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schwartz J: Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Detroit, Michigan.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:648\u2013655.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR2_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10051064","volume":"10","author":"HR Anderson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Anderson HR, Spix C, Medina S, et al.: Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from APHHEA project.\nEur Respir J 1997, 10:1064\u20131071.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"390_CR3_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.10.2010138","volume":"164","author":"RW Atkinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Sunyer J, et al.: Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions: results from APHEA 2 Project.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1860\u20131866.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR4_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/276466a0","volume":"276","author":"A Bouhuys","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bouhuys A, Beck GJ, Schoenberg JB: Do present levels of air pollution outdoors affect respiratory health?\nNature 1978, 276:466\u2013471.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"390_CR5_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112836","volume":"110","author":"WW Holland","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holland WW, Reid DD: Health effects of particulate pollution: reappraising the evidence.\nAm J Epidemiol 1979, 110:525\u2013659.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"390_CR6_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001300","volume":"155","author":"U Ackermann-Liebrich","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ackermann-Liebrich U, Leuenberger P, Schwartz J, et al.: Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:122\u2013129.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR7_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.1.9710101","volume":"158","author":"DE Abbey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Abbey DE, Burchette J, Knutsen SF, McDonnell WF, Lebowitz MD, Enright PL: Long-term particulate and other air pollutants and lung function in nonsmokers.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158:289\u2013298.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR8_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1991.9937440","volume":"46","author":"LG Chestnut","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chestnut LG, Schwartz J, Savitz DA, Burchfiel CM: Pulmonary function and ambient particulate matter: epidemiological evidence from NHANES I.\nArch Environ Health 1991, 46:135\u2013144.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"390_CR9_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1991.9937448","volume":"46","author":"X Xu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Xu X, Dockery DW, Wang LH: Effects of air pollution on adult pulmonary function.\nArch Environ Health 1991, 46:198\u2013206.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"390_CR10_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022576028603","volume":"18","author":"A Karakatsani","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karakatsani A, Andreadaki S, Katsouyanni K, et al.: Air pollution in relation to manifestations of chronic pulmonary disease: a nested case-control study in Athens, Greece.\nEur J Epidemiol 2003, 18:45\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"390_CR11_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17509820","volume":"17","author":"JM Anto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anto JM, Vermeire P, Vestbo J, Sunyer J: Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\nEur Respir J 2001, 17:982\u2013994.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"390_CR12_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1993.9938393","volume":"48","author":"H Nitta","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nitta H, Sato T, Nakai S, Maeda K, Aoki S, Ono M: Respiratory health associated with exposure to automobile exhaust. I. Results of cross-sectional studies in 1979, 1982.\nArch Environ Health 1993, 48:53\u201358.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"390_CR13_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6904.596","volume":"307","author":"M Wjst","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wjst M, Reitmeir P, Dold S: Road traffic and adverse effects on respiratory health in children.\nBMJ 1993, 307:596\u2013600.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"390_CR14_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199705000-00012","volume":"8","author":"B Brunekreef","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brunekreef B, Janssen NA, Hartog J: Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways.\nEpidemiology 1997, 8:298\u2013303.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"390_CR15_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000082045.50073.66","volume":"14","author":"E Garshick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garshick E, Laden F, Hart JE, Caron A: Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in U.S. veterans.\nEpidemioloy 2003, 14:728\u2013736.","journal-title":"Epidemioloy"},{"key":"390_CR16_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2002.005934","volume":"61","author":"K Sekine","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sekine K, Shima M, Nitta Y, Adachi M: Long term effects of exposure to automobile exhaust on the pulmonary function of female adults in Tokyo, Japan.\nOccup Environ Med 2004, 61:350\u2013357.","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"390_CR17_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/146.2.528","volume":"146","author":"CR Bone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bone CR, Higgins MW, Hurd SS, Reynolds HY: NHLBI workshop summary. Research needs and opportunities related to respiratory health of women.\nAm Rev Respir Dis 1992, 146:528\u2013535.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"390_CR18_390","first-page":"792","volume":"11","author":"E Prescott","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prescott E, Bjerg AM, Anderson PK, Lange P, Vestbo J: Gender difference in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospitalization for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal population study.\nEur Respir J 1997, 11:792\u2013793.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"390_CR19_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.5.2101039","volume":"163","author":"RA Pauwels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Calverley PMA, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS: Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease.\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:1256\u20131276.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR20_390","volume-title":"Handbuch der Umweltmedizin","author":"R Dolgner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dolgner R, Kr\u00e4mer U: Wirkungskatasteruntersuchungen. In Handbuch der Umweltmedizin. Edited by: Wichmann HE, Schlipk\u00f6ter HW, F\u00fclgraff G. Ecomed-Verlag, Landsberg; 1993."},{"key":"390_CR21_390","first-page":"831","volume":"119","author":"American Thoracic Society","year":"1979","unstructured":"American Thoracic Society: ATS statement-Snowbird workshop on standardization of spirometry.\nAm Rev Respir Dis 1979, 119:831\u2013838.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"390_CR22_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00046804a","volume":"24","author":"PJ Sterk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sterk PJ: Let's not forget: the Gold criteria for COPD are based on post-bronchodilator FEV\n\n                    1\n                  \n.\nEur Respir J 2004, 24:332\u2013333.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"390_CR23_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.892","volume":"125","author":"N Tzanakis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tzanakis N, Anagnostopoulou U, Filaditaki V, Christaki P, Siafakas N: Prevalence of COPD in Greece.\nChest 2004, 125:892\u2013900.","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"390_CR24_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.011163","volume":"59","author":"R de Marco","year":"2004","unstructured":"de Marco R, Accordini S, Cerveri I, et al.: An international survey of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adults according to GOLD stages.\nThorax 2004, 59:120\u2013125.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"390_CR25_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-45","volume":"6","author":"SH Downs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Downs SH, Brandli O, Zellweger J-P, et al.: Accelerated decline in lung function in smoking women with airway obstruction:SAPALDIA 2 cohort study.\nRespir Res 2005, 6:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"390_CR26_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.4.9807052","volume":"159","author":"E Zemp","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zemp E, Elsasser S, Schindler C, et al.: Long-term ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms in adults (SAPALDIA study).\nAm J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159:1257\u20131266.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"390_CR27_390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.08.004","volume":"2","author":"J Heinrich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Heinrich J, Topp R, Gehring U, Thefeld W: Traffic at residential address, respiratory health, and atopy in adults: the National German Health Survey 1998.\nEnviron Res 2005, 2:240\u2013249.","journal-title":"Environ Res"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:17:34Z","timestamp":1630444654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-152","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.8286.465780","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"152"}}