{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:21:32Z","timestamp":1787019692048,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]],"date-time":"2005-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1118188800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of cytology brushes for the purpose of obtaining respiratory cells from adults for clinical and research purposes is well established. However, the safety and utility of non-bronchoscopic brushings to study the paediatric airway has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to assess the practicality of using non-bronchoscopic brushing to sample epithelial cells from children for investigation of epithelial function in health and disease using a wide range of molecular and cellular techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-bronchoscopic brushing was investigated in a non-selected cohort of healthy, and mildly asthmatic children presenting for surgery unrelated to respiratory conditions, at the major children's hospital in Perth. Safety and side-effects of the procedure were assessed. Cell number, phenotype and viability were measured for all samples. The potential of these cells for use in long-term cell culture, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, quantitative PCR and gene arraying was examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-bronchoscopic brushing was well tolerated in all children. The only significant side effect following the procedure was cough: nursing staff reported cough in 20% of patients; parents reported cough in 40% of patients. Cells sampled were of sufficient quantity and quality to allow cell culture in 93% of samples. Similarly, protein and RNA extracted from the cells was suitable for investigation of both gene and protein expression using micro-array and real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-bronchoscopic brushing in children is safe and easy to perform, and is not associated with any complications. Using this technique, adequate numbers of epithelial cells can be retrieved to allow cell culture, western blotting, real time PCR, and microarray analysis. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the utility of non-bronchoscopic airway brushing to obtain and study epithelial cells and to encourage others so that we can accelerate our knowledge regarding the role of the epithelium in childhood respiratory disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]],"date-time":"2005-06-08T14:13:40Z","timestamp":1118240020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["The use of non-bronchoscopic brushings to study the paediatric airway"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Kicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Stick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"291_CR1_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(99)90088-4","volume":"93","author":"M Romagnoli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Romagnoli M, Vachier I, Vignola AM, Godard P, Bousquet J, Chanez P: Safety and cellular assessment of bronchial brushing in airway diseases.\nRespir Med 1999,93(7):461\u2013466.","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"291_CR2_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2003.01752.x","volume":"33","author":"G Doherty","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doherty G, Christie S, Skibinski G, Puddicombe S, Warke T, De Courcey F, Cross A, Lyons J, Ennis M, Shields M, et al.: Non-bronchoscopic sampling and culture of bronchial epithelial cells in children.\nClin Exp Allergy 2003,33(9):1221\u20131225.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"9","key":"291_CR3_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.014894","volume":"59","author":"C Lane","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lane C, Knight D, Burgess S, Franklin P, Horak F, Legg J, Moeller A, Stick S: Epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is the major determinant of nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath.\nThorax 2004,59(9):757\u2013760.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"291_CR4_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.02.002","volume":"4","author":"DA Knight","year":"2004","unstructured":"Knight DA, Lane CL, Stick SM: Does aberrant activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit play a key role in asthma or is it an unimportant sideshow?\nCurr Opin Pharmacol 2004,4(3):251\u2013256.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"291_CR5_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483","volume":"8","author":"M Asher","year":"1995","unstructured":"Asher M, Keil U, Anderson H, Beasley R, Crane J, Martinez F, Mitchell E, Pearce N, Sibbald B, Stewart A, et al.: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods.\nEur Respir J 1995,8(3):483\u2013491.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"291_CR6_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.5.e29","volume":"29","author":"LR Baugh","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baugh LR, Hill AA, Brown EL, Hunter CP: Quantitative analysis of mRNA amplification by in vitro transcription.\nNucleic Acids Res 2001,29(5):E29.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"291_CR7_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.3.529","volume":"147","author":"AM Campbell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Campbell AM, Chanez P, Vignola AM, Bousquet J, Couret I, Michel FB, Godard P, Paul-Lacoste P, Vachier I, Roux S, et al.: Functional characteristics of bronchial epithelium obtained by brushing from asthmatic and normal subjects.\nAm Rev Respir Dis 1993,147(3):529\u2013534.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"291_CR8_291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.3.689","volume":"148","author":"AM Vignola","year":"1993","unstructured":"Vignola AM, Campbell AM, Chanez P, Bousquet J, Paul-Lacoste P, Michel FB, Godard P, Vachier I, Roux S, Loubatiere J, et al.: HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis.\nAm Rev Respir Dis 1993,148(3):689\u2013694.","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T21:13:22Z","timestamp":1630444402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/respiratory-research.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1465-9921-6-53","relation":{},"ISSN":["1465-993X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1465-993X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2005","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"53"}}