{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:32:09Z","timestamp":1791189129081,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]],"date-time":"2005-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1126051200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The forces developed during inspiration play a key role in determining upper airway stability and the occurrence of nocturnal breathing disorders. Phrenic nerve stimulation applied during wakefulness is a unique tool to assess Upper airway dynamic properties and to measure the overall mechanical effects of the inspiratory process on UA stability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the flow\/pressure responses to inspiratory and expiratory twitches between sleep apnea subjects and normal subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inspiratory and expiratory twitches using magnetic nerve stimulation completed in eleven untreated sleep apnea subjects and ten normal subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both groups, higher flow and pressure were reached during inspiratory twitches. The two groups showed no differences in expiratory twitch parameters. During inspiration, the pressure at which flow-limitation occurred was more negative in normals than in apneic subjects, but not reaching significance (p = 0.07). The relationship between pharyngeal pressure and flow adequately fitted with a polynomial regression model providing a measurement of upper airway critical pressure during twitch. This pressure significantly decreased in normals from expiratory to inspiratory twitches (-11.1 \u00b1 1.6 and -15.7 \u00b1 1.0 cm H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O respectively, 95% CI 1.6\u20137.6, p &lt; 0.01), with no significant difference between the two measurements in apneic subjects. The inspiratory\/expiratory difference in critical pressure was significantly correlated with the frequency of nocturnal breathing disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inspiratory-related upper airway dilating forces are impeded in sleep apnea patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-99","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]],"date-time":"2005-09-07T18:13:51Z","timestamp":1126116831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Impediment in upper airway stabilizing forces assessed by phrenic nerve stimulation in sleep apnea patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"F","family":"S\u00e9ri\u00e8s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"V\u00e9rin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Similowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"337_CR1_337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","volume":"328","author":"T Young","year":"1993","unstructured":"Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. 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