{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:18:30Z","timestamp":1794035910440,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,6]],"date-time":"2006-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157500800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Respir Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Acute exacerbations of COPD are a major cause of morbidity, mortality and hospitalisation. Respiratory viruses are associated with the majority of exacerbations but a causal relationship has not been demonstrated and the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations are poorly understood. Development of a human experimental model would provide evidence of causation and would greatly facilitate understanding mechanisms, but no such model exists.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of developing an experimental model of rhinovirus induced COPD exacerbations and to assess safety of rhinovirus infection in COPD patients. We carried out a pilot virus dose escalating study to assess the minimum dose of rhinovirus 16 required to induce experimental rhinovirus infection in subjects with COPD (GOLD stage II). Outcomes were assessed by monitoring of upper and lower respiratory tract symptoms, lung function, and virus replication and inflammatory responses in nasal lavage.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All 4 subjects developed symptomatic colds with the lowest dose of virus tested, associated with evidence of viral replication and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in nasal lavage. These were accompanied by significant increases in lower respiratory tract symptoms and reductions in PEF and FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>. There were no severe exacerbations or other adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Low dose experimental rhinovirus infection in patients with COPD induces symptoms and lung function changes typical of an acute exacerbation of COPD, appears safe, and provides preliminary evidence of causation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,6]],"date-time":"2006-09-06T18:19:53Z","timestamp":1157566793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["An experimental model of rhinovirus induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mallia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon D","family":"Message","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Kebadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley L","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onn M","family":"Kon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"507_CR1_507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07492-2","volume":"349","author":"CJ Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez AD: Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990\u20132020: Global Burden of Disease Study.[comment].\nLancet 1997, 349:1498\u20131504.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"507_CR2_507","unstructured":"National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE).: Chronic obstractive pulmonary disease: national clinical guideline for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care.\nThorax 2004., 59 (Suppl I).:"},{"key":"507_CR3_507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.3.261","volume":"58","author":"W MacNee","year":"2003","unstructured":"MacNee W, Calverley PM: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . 7: Management of COPD.[see comment]. 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[see comments.].\nAmerican Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2001, 164:1618\u20131623.","journal-title":"American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine"},{"key":"507_CR6_507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.1.37","volume":"58","author":"G Rohde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rohde G, Wiethege A, Borg I, Kauth M, Bauer TT, Gillissen A, Bufe A, Schultze-Werninghaus G: Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study.\nThorax 2003, 58:37\u201342.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"507_CR7_507","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200506-859OC","volume":"173","author":"A Papi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, Romagnoli M, Casolari P, Caramori G, Fabbri LM, Johnston SL: Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations.\nAmerican Journal 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