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They have recently been demonstrated to express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), known to recognize molecular structures on such microbes and activate innate immune responses. Their activation might also provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In the present study, the expression profile of TLR1-TLR10 was characterized in human tonsil T cells, focusing on differences between subsets of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T helper (Th) cells and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The study was also designed to compare the TLR expression in T cells from patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hyperplasia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tonsils were obtained from children undergoing tonsillectomy, and classified according to the clinical diagnoses and the outcome of tonsillar core culture tests. Two groups were defined; recurrently infected tonsils and hyperplastic tonsils that served as controls. Subsets of T cells were isolated using magnetic beads. The expression of TLR transcripts in purified cells was assessed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The corresponding protein expression was investigated using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      T cells expressed a broad repertoire of TLRs, in which TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, TLR9 and TLR10 predominated. Also, a differential expression of TLRs in CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells was obtained. TLR1 and TLR9 mRNA was expressed to a greater extent in CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells, whereas expression of TLR3 mRNA and protein and TLR4 protein was higher in CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells. CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells from infected tonsils expressed higher levels of TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 compared to control. In contrast, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells exhibited a down-regulated TLR9 as a consequence of infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study demonstrates the presence of a broad repertoire of TLRs in T cells, a differential expression in CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells, along with infection-dependent alterations in TLR expression. Collectively, these results support the idea that TLRs are of importance to adaptive immune cells. It might be that TLRs have a direct role in adaptive immune reactions against infections. Thus, further functional studies of the relevance of TLR stimulation on T cells will be of importance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,4]],"date-time":"2006-03-04T02:35:46Z","timestamp":1141439746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Toll-like receptors in cellular subsets of human tonsil T cells: altered expression during recurrent tonsillitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Mansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Adner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Olaf","family":"Cardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"427_CR1_427","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2003.00697.x","volume":"28","author":"PC Zhang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhang PC, Pang YT, Loh KS, Wang DY: Comparison of histology between recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. 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