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Consequently, analysis of modular network structures from a phylogenetic perspective may be useful in understanding the emergence, conservation, and diversification of functional modularity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this paper, we propose a phylogenetic framework for analyzing network modules, with applications that extend well beyond network-based phylogeny reconstruction. Our approach is based on identification of modular network components from each network separately, followed by projection of these modules onto the networks of other species to compare different networks. Subsequently, we use the conservation of various modules in each network to assess the similarity between different networks. Compared to traditional methods that rely on topological comparisons, our approach has key advantages in (<jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>) avoiding intractable graph comparison problems in comparative network analysis, (<jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>) accounting for noise and missing data through flexible treatment of network conservation, and (<jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>) providing insights on the evolution of biological systems through investigation of the evolutionary trajectories of network modules. We test our method, M<jats:sc>OPHY<\/jats:sc>, on synthetic data generated by simulation of network evolution, as well as existing protein-protein interaction data for seven diverse species. Comprehensive experimental results show that M<jats:sc>OPHY<\/jats:sc>is promising in reconstructing evolutionary histories of extant networks based on conservation of modularity, it is highly robust to noise, and outperforms existing methods that quantify network similarity in terms of conservation of network topology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results establish modularity and network proximity as useful features in comparative network analysis and motivate detailed studies of the evolutionary histories of network modules.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,15]],"date-time":"2009-10-15T10:06:26Z","timestamp":1255601186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Phylogenetic analysis of modularity in protein interaction networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sinan","family":"Erten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gurkan","family":"Bebek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Koyut\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"17","key":"3063_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","volume":"25","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1997","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schffer AA, J Zhang ZZ, Miller W, Lipman DJ: Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. 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