{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:36:55Z","timestamp":1775705815690,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,26]],"date-time":"2004-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,26]],"date-time":"2004-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Bioinformatics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The nematode <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> is widely used for the genetic analysis of neuronal cell biology, development, and behavior. Because traditional methods for evaluating behavioral phenotypes are qualitative and imprecise, there is a need for tools that allow quantitation and standardization of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> behavioral assays.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Here we describe a tracking and imaging system for the automated analysis of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> morphology and behavior. Using this system, it is possible to record the behavior of individual nematodes over long time periods and quantify 144 specific phenotypic parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These tools for phenotypic analysis will provide reliable, comprehensive scoring of a wide range of behavioral abnormalities, and will make it possible to standardize assays such that behavioral data from different labs can readily be compared. In addition, this system will facilitate high-throughput collection of phenotypic data that can ultimately be used to generate a comprehensive database of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> phenotypic information.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Availability<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The hardware configuration and software for the system are available from wschafer@ucsd.edu.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,28]],"date-time":"2004-08-28T06:23:22Z","timestamp":1093674202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["An imaging system for standardized quantitative analysis of C. elegans behavior"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Cronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"John H","family":"Wittig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul W","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William R","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"231_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg864","volume":"3","author":"CH Rankin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rankin CH: From gene to identified neuron to behaviour in\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans.\n                           Nat Rev Genet 2002, 3: 622\u2013630.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"231_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81199-X","volume":"26","author":"ER Sawin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sawin ER, Ranganathan R, Horvitz HR: C. elegans\n                           locomotory rate is modulated by the environment through a dopaminergic pathway and by experience through a serotonergic pathway.\n                           Neuron 2000, 26: 619\u2013631. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81199-X","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"231_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00394-4","volume":"31","author":"PJ Brockie","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brockie PJ, Mellem JE, Hills T, Madsen DM, Maricq AV: The\n                           C. elegans\n                           glutamate receptor subunit NMR-1 Is required for slow NMDA-Activated currents that regulate reversal frequency during locomotion.\n                           Neuron 2001, 31: 617\u2013630. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00394-4","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"231_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.10014","volume":"49","author":"LA Hardaker","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hardaker LA, Singer E, Kerr R, Zhou GT, Schafer WR: Serotonin modulates locomotory behavior and coordinates egg-laying and movement in\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans\n                           .\n                           J Neurobiol 2001, 49: 303\u2013313. 10.1002\/neu.10014","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"key":"231_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/77.1.71","volume":"77","author":"S Brenner","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brenner S: The genetics of\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans\n                           .\n                           Genetics 1974, 77: 71\u201394.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"231_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/103.1.43","volume":"103","author":"J Hodgkin","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hodgkin J: Male phenotypes and mating efficiency in\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans\n                           .\n                           Genetics 1983, 103: 43\u201364.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"231_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80527-9","volume":"21","author":"L Waggoner","year":"1998","unstructured":"Waggoner L, Zhou GT, Schafer RW, Schafer WR: Control of behavioral states by serotonin in\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans\n                           .\n                           Neuron 1998, 21: 203\u2013214. 10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80527-9","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"231_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9557","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09557.1999","volume":"19","author":"JT Pierce-Shimomura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pierce-Shimomura JT, Morse TM, Lockery SR: The fundamental role of pirouettes in\n                           Caenorhabditis elegans\n                           chemotaxis.\n                           J Neurosci 1999, 19: 9557\u20139569.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"231_CR9","volume-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng","author":"W Geng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Geng W, Cosman P, Berry CC, Feng Z, Schafer WR: Automatic tracking, feature extraction and classification of\n                           C. elegans\n                           phenotypes.\n                           IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2004, in press."},{"key":"231_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600057","volume":"23","author":"S Sanyal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sanyal S, Wintle RF, Kindt KS, Nuttley WM, Arvan R, Fitzmaurice P, Bigras E, Merz D, Hebert TE, van der Kooy D, Schafer WR, Culotti JG, van Tol HHM: Dopamine modulates the plasticity of mechanosensory responses in\n                           C. elegans\n                           .\n                           EMBO Journal 2004, 23: 473\u2013482. 10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600057","journal-title":"EMBO Journal"},{"key":"231_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/165.3.1117","volume":"165","author":"W Geng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geng W, Cosman P, Baek JH, Berry CC, Schafer WR: Quantitative classification and natural clustering of\n                           C. elegans\n                           behavioral phenotypes.\n                           Genetics 2003, 165: 1117\u20131123.","journal-title":"Genetics"}],"container-title":["BMC 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