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Topological analysis of graph models has often been applied to study the structural characteristics of complex metabolic networks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this work, metabolic networks of 75 organisms were investigated from a topological point of view. Network decomposition of three microbes (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Aeropyrum pernix<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>) shows that almost all of the sub-networks exhibit a highly modularized bow-tie topological pattern similar to that of the global metabolic networks. Moreover, these small bow-ties are hierarchically nested into larger ones and collectively integrated into a large metabolic network, and important features of this modularity are not observed in the random shuffled network. In addition, such a bow-tie pattern appears to be present in certain chemically isolated functional modules and spatially separated modules including carbohydrate metabolism, cytosol and mitochondrion respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The highly modularized bow-tie pattern is present at different levels and scales, and in different chemical and spatial modules of metabolic networks, which is likely the result of the evolutionary process rather than a random accident. Identification and analysis of such a pattern is helpful for understanding the design principles and facilitate the modelling of metabolic networks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]],"date-time":"2006-08-18T08:04:36Z","timestamp":1155888276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Hierarchical modularity of nested bow-ties in metabolic networks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jian-Hua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zhi-Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi-Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"1125_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01166","volume":"420","author":"J Stelling","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stelling J, Klamt S, Bettenbrock K, Schuster S, Gilles ED: Metabolic network structure determines key aspects of functionality and regulation. 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