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Retinoic acid and Fgf signalling are known to be essential for development of the lung in mouse but little is known on how the lung and thyroid are specified in <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>If either retinoic acid or Fgf signalling is inhibited, there is no differentiation of the lung as assayed by expression of <jats:italic>sftpb<\/jats:italic>. There is no change in expression of thyroid gland markers when retinoic acid signalling is blocked after gastrulation and when Fgf signalling is inhibited there is a short window of time where <jats:italic>pax2<\/jats:italic> expression is inhibited but expression of other markers is unaffected. If exogenous retinoic acid is given to the embryo between embryonic stages 20 and 26, the presumptive thyroid expresses <jats:italic>sftpb<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>sftpc<\/jats:italic>, specific markers of lung differentiation and expression of key thyroid transcription factors is lost. When the presumptive thyroid is transplanted into the posterior embryo, it also expresses <jats:italic>sftpb<\/jats:italic>, although <jats:italic>pax2<\/jats:italic> expression is not blocked.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After gastrulation, retinoic acid is required for lung but not thyroid differentiation in <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> while Fgf signalling is needed for lung but only for early expression of <jats:italic>pax2<\/jats:italic> in the thyroid. Exposure to retinoic acid can cause the presumptive thyroid to switch to a lung developmental program.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213x-11-75","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,20]],"date-time":"2011-12-20T19:33:14Z","timestamp":1324409594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Retinoic acid is a key regulatory switch determining the difference between lung and thyroid fates in Xenopus laevis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jean H","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J","family":"Deimling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole E","family":"D'Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Possmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Drysdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"671_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344","volume":"25","author":"AM Zorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zorn AM, Wells JM: Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. 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