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Studying genes involved in such processes can thus provide important information for a better understanding of spermatogenesis, which might be universally applied to many other organisms.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In a screen for genes that have gonad-specific expression we isolated an <jats:italic>elav<\/jats:italic>-like gene, <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic>, from <jats:italic>Macrostomum lignano<\/jats:italic>, containing the three RNA recognition motifs characteristic of <jats:italic>elav<\/jats:italic>-like genes. We found that <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic> mRNA was expressed exclusively in the testis, as opposed to the known <jats:italic>elav<\/jats:italic> genes, which are expressed in the nervous system. The RNAi phenotype of <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic> was characterized by an aberrant spermatid morphology, where sperm elongation often failed, and an empty seminal vesicle. <jats:italic>Melav2<\/jats:italic> RNAi treated worms were thus male-sterile. Further analysis revealed that in <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic> RNAi treated worms precocious chromatin condensation occurred during spermatid differentiation, resulting in an abnormally tightly condensed chromatin and large vacuoles in round spermatids. In addition, immunostaining using an early-spermatid specific antibody revealed that <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic> RNAi treated worms had a larger amount of signal positive cells, suggesting that many cells failed the transition from early spermatid stage.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We characterize a new function for <jats:italic>elav<\/jats:italic>-like genes, showing that <jats:italic>melav2<\/jats:italic> plays a crucial role during spermatid differentiation, especially in the regulation of chromatin condensation and\/or cell elongation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213x-9-62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,9]],"date-time":"2009-12-09T13:15:30Z","timestamp":1260364530000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Melav2, an elav-like gene, is essential for spermatid differentiation in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kiyono","family":"Sekii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willi","family":"Salvenmoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrien","family":"De Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Scharer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Ladurner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"466_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7416.669","volume":"327","author":"A Hirsh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirsh A: Male subfertility. 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