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Sound production plays a central role in the behavior of frogs, which use their calls to delimit territories and attract mates. Therefore, frogs have evolved complex vocal structures capable of producing a wide variety of advertising sounds. It is generally acknowledged that most frogs call by moving an air column from the lungs through the glottis with the remarkable exception of the family Pipidae, whose members share a highly specialized sound production mechanism independent of air movement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we performed behavioral observations in the poorly known African pipid genus<jats:italic>Pseudhymenochirus<\/jats:italic>and document that the sound production in this aquatic frog is almost certainly air-driven. However, morphological comparisons revealed an indisputable pipid nature of<jats:italic>Pseudhymenochirus<\/jats:italic>larynx. To place this paradoxical pattern into an evolutionary framework, we reconstructed robust molecular phylogenies of pipids based on complete mitochondrial genomes and nine nuclear protein-coding genes that coincided in placing<jats:italic>Pseudhymenochirus<\/jats:italic>nested among other pipids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that although<jats:italic>Pseudhymenochirus<\/jats:italic>probably has evolved a reversal to the ancestral non-pipid condition of air-driven sound production, the mechanism through which it occurs is an evolutionary innovation based on the derived larynx of pipids. This strengthens the idea that evolutionary solutions to functional problems often emerge based on previous structures, and for this reason, innovations largely depend on possibilities and constraints predefined by the particular history of each lineage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]],"date-time":"2011-04-27T18:32:43Z","timestamp":1303929163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Reversal to air-driven sound production revealed by a molecular phylogeny of tongueless frogs, family Pipidae"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Iker","family":"Irisarri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Vences","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"San Mauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Glaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Zardoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1722_CR1","volume-title":"On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life","author":"C Darwin","year":"1859","unstructured":"Darwin C: On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. 1859, London: John Murray"},{"issue":"1161","key":"1722_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1979.0086","volume":"205","author":"SJ Gould","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gould SJ, Lewontin RC: The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. 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