{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:18:42Z","timestamp":1792606722998,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112140800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]],"date-time":"2005-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Evol Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes often lead to co-evolutionary arms races consisting of repeated arisal of traits advantageous for one sex but harmful to the other sex, and counter-adaptations by the latter. In hermaphrodites, these antagonistic interactions are at least an equally important driving force. Here, we investigate the evolution of one of the most striking examples of sexual conflict in hermaphrodites, the so-called shooting of love-darts in land snails. Stabbing this calcareous dart through the partner's skin ultimately increases paternity. This trait is obviously beneficial for the shooter, but it manipulates sperm storage in the receiver. Hence, an arms race between the love-dart and the spermatophore receiving organs may be expected.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a detailed phylogenetic analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from dart-possessing land snail species. Both the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test and Bayesian posterior probabilities rejected a monophyletic origin of most reproductive structures, including the love-dart, indicating that most traits arose repeatedly. Based on the inferred phylogenetic trees, we calculated phylogenetically independent contrasts for the different reproductive traits. Subsequent principal component and correlation analyses demonstrated that these contrasts covary, meaning that correlated evolution of these traits occurred.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study represents the first comprehensive comparative analysis of reproductive organ characteristics in simultaneous hermaphrodites. Moreover, it strongly suggests that co-evolutionary arms races can result from sexual conflict in these organisms and play a key role in the evolution of hermaphroditic mating systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,31]],"date-time":"2005-03-31T01:16:05Z","timestamp":1112231765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Shooting darts: co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Joris M","family":"Koene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hinrich","family":"Schulenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/381232a0","volume":"381","author":"WR Rice","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rice WR: Sexually antagonistic male adaptation triggered by experimental arrest of female evolution. Nature. 1996, 381: 232-234. 10.1038\/381232a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"137_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00004-6","volume":"18","author":"T Chapman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chapman T, Arnqvist G, Bangham J, Rowe L: Sexual conflict. Trends Ecol Evol. 2003, 18: 41-47. 10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)00004-6.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR3","volume-title":"The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex","author":"C Darwin","year":"1871","unstructured":"Darwin C: The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. 1871, London: Murray"},{"key":"137_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.5.2480","volume":"76","author":"EL Charnov","year":"1979","unstructured":"Charnov EL: Simultaneous hermaphroditism and sexual selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979, 76: 2480-2484.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"137_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80695-2","volume":"159","author":"JL Leonard","year":"1992","unstructured":"Leonard JL: The \"love-dart\" in Helicid snails: a gift of calcium or a firm commitment?. J Theor Biol. 1992, 159: 513-521.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"137_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/mollus\/64.1.75","volume":"64","author":"JM Koene","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koene JM, Chase R: The love dart of Helix aspersa M\u00fcller is not a gift of calcium. J Moll Stud. 1998, 64: 75-80.","journal-title":"J Moll Stud"},{"key":"137_CR7","first-page":"4","volume":"1","author":"GR Webb","year":"1952","unstructured":"Webb GR: Pulmonata, Helminthoglyptidae: sexological data on the land-snails, Cepolis maynardi and Helminthoplypta traski fiedi and their evolutionary significance. Gastropodia. 1952, 1: 4-5.","journal-title":"Gastropodia"},{"key":"137_CR8","first-page":"160","volume":"14","author":"B Reyes Tur","year":"2000","unstructured":"Reyes Tur B, Vel\u00e1zques AF, Cabrera YO: Conducta de apareamiento y aspectos de la relaci\u00f3n des sistema reproductor en Polymita muscarum Lea 1834 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Rev Biol. 2000, 14: 160-166.","journal-title":"Rev Biol"},{"key":"137_CR9","first-page":"231","volume":"45","author":"MA Landolfa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Landolfa MA: On the adaptive function of the love dart of Helix aspersa. Veliger. 2002, 45: 231-249.","journal-title":"Veliger"},{"key":"137_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-113","volume":"78","author":"H Baminger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Baminger H, Locher R, Baur B: Incidence of dart shooting, sperm delivery, and sperm storage in natural populations of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Can J Zool. 2000, 78: 1767-1774. 10.1139\/cjz-78-10-1767.","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"137_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0080","volume":"180","author":"SA Adamo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Adamo SA, Chase R: Dart shooting in Helicid snails: An \"honest\" signal or an instrument of manipulation?. J Theor Biol. 1996, 180: 77-80. 10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0080.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"137_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1973.tb04652.x","volume":"169","author":"H Lind","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lind H: The functional significance of the spermatophore and the fate of the spermatozoa in the genital tract of Helix pomatia (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora). J Zool Lond. 1973, 169: 39-64.","journal-title":"J Zool Lond"},{"key":"137_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590100214","volume":"187","author":"JM Koene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koene JM, Ter Maat A: \"Allohormones\": A class of bioactive substances favoured by sexual selection. J Comp Physiol A. 2001, 187: 323-326. 10.1007\/s003590100214.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"key":"137_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-002-0289-7","volume":"188","author":"JM Koene","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koene JM, Ter Maat A: The distinction between pheromones and allohormones. J Comp Physiol A. 2002, 188: 163-164. 10.1007\/s00359-002-0289-7.","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol A"},{"key":"137_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.07.009","volume":"63","author":"JM Koene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koene JM: Immunomodulation, allohormones and fertility. Med Hypotheses. 2004, 63: 1084-1085. 10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.07.009.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"137_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402550111","volume":"255","author":"SA Adamo","year":"1990","unstructured":"Adamo SA, Chase R: The \"love dart\" of the snail Helix aspersa injects a pheromone that decreases courtship duration. J Exp Zool. 1990, 255: 80-87.","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"137_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.15.2313","volume":"201","author":"JM Koene","year":"1998","unstructured":"Koene JM, Chase R: Changes in the reproductive system of the snail Helix aspersa caused by mucus from the love dart. J Exp Biol. 1998, 201: 2313-2319.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"137_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650100345","volume":"50","author":"D Rogers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rogers D, Chase R: Dart receipt promotes sperm storage in the garden snail Helix aspersa. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2001, 50: 122-127. 10.1007\/s002650100345.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"137_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/12.6.773","volume":"12","author":"MA Landolfa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Landolfa MA, Green DM, Chase R: Dart shooting influences paternal reproductive success in the snail Helix aspersa (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). Behav Ecol. 2001, 12: 773-777. 10.1093\/beheco\/12.6.773.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"137_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-002-0519-6","volume":"52","author":"D Rogers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rogers D, Chase R: Determinants of paternity in the garden snail Helix aspersa. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2002, 52: 289-295. 10.1007\/s00265-002-0519-6.","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"137_CR21","first-page":"103","volume":"4","author":"EA Fedoseeva","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fedoseeva EA: Comparative morphology of darts in the superfamily Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Ruthenica. 1994, 4: 103-110.","journal-title":"Ruthenica"},{"key":"137_CR22","first-page":"73","volume":"46","author":"JM Koene","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koene JM, Muratov IV: Revision of the reproductive morphology of three Leptaxis species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Hygromiidae) and its implication on dart evolution. Malacologia. 2004, 46: 73-78.","journal-title":"Malacologia"},{"key":"137_CR23","first-page":"9","volume":"118","author":"H Nordsieck","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nordsieck H: Revision des Systems der Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora). Arch Moll. 1987, 118: 9-50.","journal-title":"Arch Moll"},{"key":"137_CR24","first-page":"187","volume":"120","author":"AA Schileyko","year":"1989","unstructured":"Schileyko AA: Taxonomic status, phylogenetic relations and system of the Helicoidea sensu lato (Pulmonata). Arch Moll. 1989, 120: 187-236.","journal-title":"Arch Moll"},{"key":"137_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1372","volume":"268","author":"CM Wade","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wade CM, Mordan PB, Clarke B: The phylogeny of the land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Proc R Soc Lond B. 2001, 268: 413-422. 10.1098\/rspb.2000.1372.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"137_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01386.x","volume":"56","author":"L Rowe","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rowe L, Arnqvist G: Sexually antagonistic coevolution in a mating system: combining experimental and comparative approaches to address evolutionary processes. Evolution. 2002, 56: 754-767.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"137_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/381189a0","volume":"381","author":"T Chapman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chapman T, Partridge L: Sexual conflict as fuel for evolution. Nature. 1996, 381: 189-190. 10.1038\/381189a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"137_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2514","volume":"270","author":"EH Morrow","year":"2003","unstructured":"Morrow EH, Arnqvist G: Costly traumatic insemination and a female counter-adaptation in bed bugs. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2003, 270: 2377-2381. 10.1098\/rspb.2003.2514.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"137_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/415787a","volume":"415","author":"G Arnqvist","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arnqvist G, Rowe L: Antagonistic coevolution between the sexes in a group of insects. Nature. 2002, 415: 787-789.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"137_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012100543-6\/50032-5","volume-title":"Sperm competition and sexual selection","author":"NK Michiels","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michiels NK: Mating conflicts and sperm competition in simultaneous hermaphrodites. Sperm competition and sexual selection. Edited by: Birkhead TR M\u00f8ller AP. 1998, London: Academic Press Ltd, 219-254."},{"key":"137_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1086\/303184","volume":"153","author":"JM Greeff","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greeff JM, Michiels NK: Sperm digestion and reciprocal sperm transfer can drive hermaphrodite sex allocation to equality. Am Nat. 1999, 153: 421-430. 10.1086\/303184.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"137_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msg028","volume":"20","author":"ME Alfaro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alfaro ME, Zoller S, Lutzoni F: Bayes or Bootstrap? A Simulation Study Comparing the Performance of Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo Sampling and Bootstrapping in Assessing Phylogenetic Confidence. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 255-266. 10.1093\/molbev\/msg028.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msg042","volume":"20","author":"CJ Douady","year":"2003","unstructured":"Douady CJ, Delsuc F, Boucher Y, Doolittle WF, Douzery EJP: Comparison of Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood Bootstrap Measures of Phylogenetic Reliability. Mol Biol Evol. 2003, 20: 248-254. 10.1093\/molbev\/msg042.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh014","volume":"21","author":"MP Simmons","year":"2004","unstructured":"Simmons MP, Pickett KM, Miya M: How meaningful are Bayesian support values?. Mol Biol Evol. 2004, 21: 188-199. 10.1093\/molbev\/msh014.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150290069977","volume":"51","author":"MRE Symonds","year":"2002","unstructured":"Symonds MRE: The effects of topological inaccuracy in evolutionary trees on the phylogenetic comparative method of independent contrasts. Syst Biol. 2002, 51: 541-553. 10.1080\/10635150290069977.","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"137_CR36","first-page":"35","volume":"23","author":"AS Tompa","year":"1980","unstructured":"Tompa AS: The ultrastructure and mineralogy of the dart from Philomycus carolinianus (Pulmonata: Gastropoda) with a brief survey of the occurrence of darts in land snails. Veliger. 1980, 23: 35-42.","journal-title":"Veliger"},{"key":"137_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/284325","volume":"125","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1985","unstructured":"Felsenstein J: Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am Nat. 1985, 125: 1-15. 10.1086\/284325.","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"137_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.6.1071","volume":"203","author":"JM Koene","year":"2000","unstructured":"Koene JM, Jansen RF, Ter Maat A, Chase R: A conserved location for the central nervous system control of mating behaviour in gastropod molluscs: Evidence from a terrestrial snail. J Exp Biol. 2000, 203: 1071-1080.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"137_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/35002564","volume":"403","author":"S Gavrilets","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gavrilets S: Rapid evolution of reproductive barriers driven by sexual conflict. Nature. 2000, 403: 886-889. 10.1038\/35002564.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"137_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012100543-6\/50033-7","volume-title":"Sperm competition and sexual selection","author":"B Baur","year":"1998","unstructured":"Baur B: Sperm competition in molluscs. Sperm competition and sexual selection. Edited by: Birkhead TR, M\u00f8ller AP. 1998, London: Academic Press Ltd, 255-306."},{"key":"137_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02453-9","volume":"17","author":"H Reise","year":"2002","unstructured":"Reise H, Hutchinson JMC: Penis-biting slugs: wild claims and confusions. Trends Ecol Evol. 2002, 17: 163-10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02453-9.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/35527","volume":"391","author":"NK Michiels","year":"1998","unstructured":"Michiels NK, Newman LJ: Sex and violence in hermaphrodites. Nature. 1998, 391: 647-10.1038\/35527.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"137_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.2002.9652733","volume":"41","author":"JM Koene","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koene JM, Sundermann G, Michiels NK: On the function of body piercing during copulation in earthworms. Invert Reprod Develop. 2002, 41: 35-40.","journal-title":"Invert Reprod Develop"},{"key":"137_CR44","volume-title":"Colored Illustrations of the Land Snails of Japan","author":"M Azuma","year":"1995","unstructured":"Azuma M: Colored Illustrations of the Land Snails of Japan. 1995, Osaka: Hoikusha Publishing Co Ltd"},{"key":"137_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003845","volume":"18","author":"JHGvd Schulenburg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schulenburg JHGvd, Hancock JM, Pagnamenta A, Sloggett JJ, Majerus MEN, Hurst GDD: Extreme length and length variation in the first ribosomal internal transcribed spacer of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Mol Biol Evol. 2001, 18: 648-660.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ: CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22: 4673-4680.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"137_CR47","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall TA: BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucl Acids Symp Ser. 1999, 41: 95-98.","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"137_CR48","volume-title":"PAUP*- Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) Version 4","author":"DL Swofford","year":"1995","unstructured":"Swofford DL: PAUP*- Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (* and other methods) Version 4. 1995, Sunderland (Massachusetts, USA): Sinauer Associates"},{"key":"137_CR49","volume-title":"MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny","author":"JP Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F: MrBayes: Bayesian inference of phylogeny. 2001, Rochester (New York, USA): Department of Biology, University of Rochester"},{"key":"137_CR50","first-page":"407","volume-title":"Molecular systematics","author":"DL Swofford","year":"1997","unstructured":"Swofford DL, Olsen GJ, Waddell P, Hillis DM: Phylogenetic inference. Molecular systematics. Edited by: Hillis DM, Moritz C, Mable BK. 1997, Sunderland (Massachusetts, USA): Sinauer Associates, 407-514. 2","edition":"2"},{"key":"137_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065889","volume":"294","author":"JP Huelsenbeck","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huelsenbeck JP, Ronquist F, Nielson R, Bollback JP: Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology. Science. 2001, 294: 2310-2314. 10.1126\/science.1065889.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"137_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.437","volume":"28","author":"JP Huelsenbeck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huelsenbeck JP, Crandall KA: Phylogeny estimation and hypothesis testing using maximum likelihood. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1997, 28: 437-466. 10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.437.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"137_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817","volume":"14","author":"D Posada","year":"1998","unstructured":"Posada D, Crandall KA: Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics. 1998, 14: 817-818. 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.9.817.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"137_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","volume":"39","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1985","unstructured":"Felsenstein J: Confidence limits on phylogenies \u2013 an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution. 1985, 39: 783-791.","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"137_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026201","volume":"16","author":"H Shimodaira","year":"1999","unstructured":"Shimodaira H, Hasegawa M: Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol Biol Evol. 1999, 16: 1114-1116.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/106351500750049752","volume":"49","author":"N Goldman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goldman N, Anderson JP, Rodrigo AG: Likelihood-based tests of topologies in phylogenetics. Syst Biol. 2000, 49: 652-670. 10.1080\/106351500750049752.","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"137_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02025-5","volume":"16","author":"PO Lewis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lewis PO: Phylogenetic systematics turns over a new leaf. Trends Ecol Evol. 2001, 16: 30-37. 10.1016\/S0169-5347(00)02025-5.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"137_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.002305","volume":"19","author":"J Felsenstein","year":"1988","unstructured":"Felsenstein J: Phylogenies and quantitative characters. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1988, 19: 445-471. 10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.002305.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Syst"},{"key":"137_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2000.00166.x","volume":"13","author":"PA Zani","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zani PA: The comparative evolution of lizard claw and toe morphology and clinging performance. J Evol Biol. 2000, 13: 316-325. 10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2000.00166.x.","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"137_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.1967","volume":"269","author":"LZ Garamszegi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garamszegi LZ, M\u00f8ller AP, Erritz\u00f8e J: Coevolving avian eye size and brain size in relation to prey capture and nocturnality. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2002, 269: 961-967. 10.1098\/rspb.2002.1967.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"137_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1887","volume":"269","author":"O Kr\u00fcger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcger O, Davies NB: The evolution of cuckoo parasitism: a comparative analysis. Proc R Soc Lond B. 2002, 269: 375-381. 10.1098\/rspb.2001.1887.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B"},{"key":"137_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/41.1.18","volume":"41","author":"T Garland Jr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Garland T, Harvey PH, Ives AR: Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst Biol. 1992, 41: 18-32.","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"137_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80637-X","volume":"156","author":"MD Pagel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Pagel MD: A method for the analysis of comparative data. J Theor Biol. 1992, 156: 431-442.","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"137_CR64","first-page":"247","volume":"11","author":"A Purvis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Purvis A, Rambaut A: Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analyzing comparative data. Comp Appl Biosci. 1995, 11: 247-251.","journal-title":"Comp Appl Biosci"}],"container-title":["BMC Evolutionary Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T08:49:05Z","timestamp":1728290945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2148-5-25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2148"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2148","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"25"}}