{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:15:34Z","timestamp":1792671334127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Genet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crucian carp (abbreviated CC) belongs to the genus of<jats:italic>Carassius<\/jats:italic>within the family of<jats:italic>Cyprinidae<\/jats:italic>. It has been one of the most important freshwater species for Chinese aquaculture and is especially abundant in the Dongting water system of Hunan province. CC used to be considered as all diploid forms. However, coexistence of diploid (abbreviated 2nCC), triploid (abbreviated 3nCC) and tetraploid crucian carp (abbreviated 4nCC) population of the Dongting water system was first found by our recently researches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined the ploidy level and compared biological characteristics in different ploidy CC. In reproductive mode, 2nCC was bisexual generative and 4nCC generated all-female offspring by gynogenesis. However, 3nCC generated progenies in two different ways. 3nCC produced bisexual triploid offspring fertilized with 3nCC spermatozoa, while it produced all-female triploid offspring by gynogenesis when its ova were activated by heterogenous spermatozoa. The complete mitochondrial DNA of three different ploidy fishes was sequenced and analyzed, suggesting no significant differences. Interestingly, microchromosomes were found only in 3nCC, which were concluded to be the result of hybridization. Allogenetic DNA fragments of Sox genes were obtained in 3nCC and 4nCC, which were absent in 2nCC. Phylogenetics analysis based on Sox4 gene indicated 3nCC and 4nCC formed a separate group from 2nCC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, this is the first report of the co-existence of three types of different ploidy crucian carps in natural waters in China. It was proved that the coexistence of different ploidy CC was reproductively maintained. We further hypothesized that 3nCC and 4nCC were allopolyploids that resulted from hybridization. The different ploidy CC population we obtained in this study possesses great significance for the study of polyploidization and the evolution of vertebrates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-12-20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T14:53:01Z","timestamp":1297176781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Coexistence of diploid, triploid and tetraploid crucian carp (Carassius auratus) in natural waters"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuomi","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rurong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiping","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinpeng","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"879_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02699.x","volume":"77","author":"R Liasko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liasko R, Liousia V, Vrazeli P, Papiggioti O, Chortatou R, Abatzopoulos T, Leonardos I: Biological traits of rare males in the population of Carassius gibelio (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) from Lake Pamvotis (north-west Greece). Journal of Fish Biology. 2010, 77: 570-584.","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"879_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1134\/S102279541006013X","volume":"46","author":"S Mezhzherin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mezhzherin S, Kokodiy S: Genetic structure of silver Prussian carp Carassius (Superspecies auratus)(Linnaeus, 1758) colonies from the Middle Dnieper Basin. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2010, 46: 725-731. 10.1134\/S102279541006013X.","journal-title":"Russian Journal of Genetics"},{"key":"879_CR3","first-page":"316","volume":"80","author":"H Koboyasi","year":"1971","unstructured":"Koboyasi H: A Cytological study on gynogenesis of the triploid ginbuna (Carassius auratus langsdorfii). Zool Mag. 1971, 80: 316-322.","journal-title":"Zool Mag"},{"key":"879_CR4","first-page":"16","volume":"12","author":"NB Cherfas","year":"1966","unstructured":"Cherfas NB: Natural triploidy in females of the goldfish (Carssius auratus gibelio). Genetica. 1966, 12: 16-24.","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"879_CR5","first-page":"72","volume":"7","author":"RG Zan","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zan RG, Song Z: Analysis and comparison between the karyotypes of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus as well as Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Acta Genetica Sinica. 1980, 7: 72-80.","journal-title":"Acta Genetica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR6","volume-title":"China Freshwater Fisheries Chromosome","author":"XJ Yu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Yu XJ: China Freshwater Fisheries Chromosome. 1989, Beijing: Science Publishing House"},{"key":"879_CR7","first-page":"32","volume":"9","author":"RG Zan","year":"1982","unstructured":"Zan RG: Studies of sex chromosomes and C-banding karyotypes of two forms of Carassius auratus in Kunming Lake. Acta Genetica Sinica. 1982, 9: 32-39.","journal-title":"Acta Genetica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3724\/issn1000-3207-1987-3-287-0","volume":"11","author":"HX Yu","year":"1987","unstructured":"Yu HX, Zhang HM, Lin LY: A preliminary study on the biology and culture experiment of the gynogenetic crucian carp Carassius auratus of Guangdong. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 1987, 11: 287-288.","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3724\/issn1000-3207-1992-1-87-h","volume":"16","author":"HX Yu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yu HX, Xu H, Guan HW: Preliminary study on the karyotypes of the natural gynogenetic crucian carp Carassius auratus (A form) of Puan, Guizhou province. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 1992, 16: 87-89.","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3724\/issn1000-3207-1992-3-277-s","volume":"16","author":"XQ Yang","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yang XQ, Chen MR, Yu XM, Chen HX: Preliminary studies on the mode of reproduction in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) of Pengze. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 1992, 16: 277-280.","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5157.421","volume":"264","author":"J Masterson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Masterson J: Stomatal Size in Fossil Plants: Evidence for Polyploidy in Majority of Angiosperms. Science. 1994, 264: 421-424. 10.1126\/science.264.5157.421.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"879_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86659-3","volume-title":"Evolution by gene duplication","author":"S Ohno","year":"1970","unstructured":"Ohno S: Evolution by gene duplication. 1970, Berlin: Springer-Verlag"},{"key":"879_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103835","volume":"58","author":"ZJ Chen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen ZJ: Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms for Gene Expression and Phenotypic Variation in Plant Polyploids. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2007, 58: 377-406. 10.1146\/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103835.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"key":"879_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00282-999-0169-5","volume":"41","author":"S Baatout","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baatout S: Molecular basis to understand polyploidy. Hematol Cell Ther. 1999, 41: 169-170. 10.1007\/s00282-999-0169-5.","journal-title":"Hematol Cell Ther"},{"key":"879_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-72236-3_5","volume":"21","author":"S Ohno","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ohno S: The notion of the Cambrian pananimalia genome and a genomic difference that separated vertebrates from invertebrates. Prog Mol Subcell Biol. 1998, 21: 97-117.","journal-title":"Prog Mol Subcell Biol"},{"key":"879_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1006\/scdb.1999.0332","volume":"10","author":"S Ohno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ohno S: Gene duplication and the uniqueness of vertebrate genomes circa 1970-1999. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 1999, 10: 517-522. 10.1006\/scdb.1999.0332.","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"879_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072104","volume":"297","author":"S Aparicio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Aparicio S, Chapman J, Stupka E, Putnam N, Chia JM, Dehal P, Christoffels A, Rash S, Hoon S, Smit A: Whole-Genome Shotgun Assembly and Analysis of the Genome of Fugu rubripes. Science. 2002, 297: 1301-1310. 10.1126\/science.1072104.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"879_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.640303","volume":"13","author":"JS Taylor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor JS, Braasch I, Frickey T, Meyer A, Van de Peer Y: Genome duplication, a trait shared by 22000 species of ray-finned fish. Genome Res. 2003, 13: 382-390. 10.1101\/gr.640303.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"879_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03025","volume":"431","author":"O Jaillon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jaillon O, Aury JM, Brunet F, Petit JL, Stange-Thomann N, Mauceli E, Bouneau L, Fischer C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Bernot A: Genome duplication in the teleost fish Tetraodon nigroviridis reveals the early vertebrate proto-karyotype. Nature. 2004, 431: 946-957. 10.1038\/nature03025.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"879_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307968100","volume":"101","author":"K Vandepoele","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vandepoele K, De Vos W, Taylor JS, Meyer A, Van de Peer Y: Major events in the genome evolution of vertebrates: Paranome age and size differ considerably between ray-finned fishes and land vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 1638-1643. 10.1073\/pnas.0307968100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"879_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02848.x","volume":"78","author":"J Xiao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Xiao J, Zou TM, Chen L, Liu SJ, Zhang H, Long Y, Yan JP, Zhao RR, Tao M, Zhang C: Microsatellite analysis of different ploidy offspring of artificial gynogenesis in Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Fish Biology. 2011, 78: 150-165. 10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2010.02848.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Biology"},{"key":"879_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/154.1.459","volume":"154","author":"M Lynch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lynch M, Force A: The Probability of Duplicate Gene Preservation by Subfunctionalization. Genetics. 2000, 154: 459-473.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"879_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.34.1.401","volume":"34","author":"SP Otto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Otto SP, Whitton J: Polyploid incidence and evolution. Annu Rev Genet. 2000, 34: 401-437. 10.1146\/annurev.genet.34.1.401.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"879_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/35072009","volume":"2","author":"KH Wolfe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wolfe KH: Yesterday's polyploids and the mystery of diploidization. Nat Rev Genet. 2001, 2: 333-341. 10.1038\/35072009.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"879_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1711","volume":"6","author":"L Comai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Comai L: The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat Rev Genet. 2005, 6: 836-846. 10.1038\/nrg1711.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"879_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.022","volume":"131","author":"SP Otto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Otto SP: The Evolutionary Consequences of Polyploidy. Cell. 2007, 131: 452-462. 10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.022.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"879_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1023\/B:RFBF.0000033049.00668.fe","volume":"13","author":"RA Leggatt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leggatt RA, Iwama GK: Occurrence of polyploidy in the fishes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2003, 13: 237-246. 10.1023\/B:RFBF.0000033049.00668.fe.","journal-title":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries"},{"key":"879_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00451-8","volume":"192","author":"SJ Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu SJ, Liu Y, Zhou GJ, Zhang XJ, Luo C, Feng H, He XX, Zhu GH, Yang H: The formation of tetraploid stocks of red crucian carp \u00d7 common carp hybrids as an effect of interspecific hybridization. Aquaculture. 2001, 192: 171-186. 10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00451-8.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"879_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.107.071373","volume":"176","author":"S Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu S, Qin Q, Xiao J, Lu W, Shen J, Li W, Liu J, Duan W, Zhang C, Tao M: The Formation of the Polyploid Hybrids From Different Subfamily Fish Crossings and Its Evolutionary Significance. Genetics. 2007, 176: 1023-1034. 10.1534\/genetics.107.071373.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"879_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2003.09.001","volume":"13","author":"B Venkatesh","year":"2003","unstructured":"Venkatesh B: Evolution and diversity of fish genomes. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 2003, 13: 588-592.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Genetics & Development"},{"key":"879_CR31","volume-title":"An introduction to unisexual vertebrates. In Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates","author":"R Dawley","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dawley R: An introduction to unisexual vertebrates. In Evolution and ecology of unisexual vertebrates. 1989, New York: University of the State of New York"},{"key":"879_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/373068a0","volume":"373","author":"M Schartl","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schartl M, Nanda I, Schlupp I, Wilde B, Epplen JT, Schmid M, Parzefall J: Incorporation of subgenomic amounts of DNA as compensation for mutational load in a gynogenetic fish. Nature. 1995, 373: 68-71. 10.1038\/373068a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"879_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110355","volume":"78","author":"AB Sapre","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sapre AB, Deshpande DS: Origin of B chromosomes in Coix L. through spontaneous interspecific hybridization. J Hered. 1987, 78: 191-196.","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"key":"879_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1159\/000134385","volume":"74","author":"VE Vicente","year":"1996","unstructured":"Vicente VE, Moreira-Filho O, Camacho JP: Sex-ratio distortion associated with the presence of a B chromosome in Astyanax scabripinnis (Teleostei, Characidae). Cytogenet Cell Genet. 1996, 74: 70-75. 10.1159\/000134385.","journal-title":"Cytogenet Cell Genet"},{"key":"879_CR35","first-page":"28","volume":"26","author":"J Luo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Luo J, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Xiao W: Mitochondrial DNA diversity in crucian carp (Carassus auratus). Acta Genetica Sinica. 1999, 26: 28-36.","journal-title":"Acta Genetica Sinica"},{"key":"879_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2003.10.001","volume":"236","author":"S Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Luo K, Liu Y: Production of gynogenetic progeny from allotetraploid hybrids red crucian carp \u00d7 common carp. Aquaculture. 2004, 236: 193-200. 10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2003.10.001.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"879_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-007-0032-2","volume":"50","author":"S Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu S, Duan W, Tao M, Zhang C, Sun Y, Shen J, Wang J, Luo K, Liu Y: Establishment of the diploid gynogenetic hybrid clonal line of red crucian carp \u00d7 common carp. Sci China C Life Sci. 2007, 50: 186-193. 10.1007\/s11427-007-0032-2.","journal-title":"Sci China C Life Sci"},{"key":"879_CR38","first-page":"332","volume":"38","author":"J Gui","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gui J, Liang S, Zhu L, Jiang Y: Discovery of two different reproductive development modes of the eggs of artificial multiple tetraploid allogynogenetic silver crucian carp. Chinese science bulletin. 1993, 38: 332-332.","journal-title":"Chinese science bulletin"},{"key":"879_CR39","first-page":"340","volume":"7","author":"QJ Wu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wu QJ, Ye YZ, Chen RD: An artificial multiple triploid carp with natural gynogenesis characteristics. Progress in Natural Science. 1997, 7: 340-344.","journal-title":"Progress in Natural Science"},{"key":"879_CR40","first-page":"658","volume":"9","author":"YZ Ye","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ye YZ, Wu QJ: Production of artificial allotetraploid from common carp and crucian carp. Progress in Natural Science. 1999, 9: 658-661.","journal-title":"Progress in Natural Science"},{"key":"879_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.59.347","volume":"59","author":"A Takai","year":"1983","unstructured":"Takai A, Ojima Y: Tetraploidy appeared in the Offspring of Triploid Ginbuna, Carassius auratus langsdorfii. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Ser B: Physical and Biological Sciences. 1983, 59: 347-350. 10.2183\/pjab.59.347.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Japan Academy Ser B: Physical and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"879_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2009.03.001","volume":"23","author":"L Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen L, Li W, Liu S, Tao M, Long Y, Duan W, Zhang C, Xiao J, Qin Q, Luo K: Novel genetic markers derived from the DNA fragments of Sox genes. Mol Cell Probes. 2009, 23: 157-165. 10.1016\/j.mcp.2009.03.001.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"}],"container-title":["BMC Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2156-12-20.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T12:48:20Z","timestamp":1740919700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2156-12-20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["879"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2156-12-20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2010","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2011","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 January 2011","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"20"}}