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Females of the gregarious endoparasitoid <jats:italic>Pteromalus puparum<\/jats:italic> (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) inject venom along with eggs into their hosts. <jats:italic>P. puparum<\/jats:italic> does not inject polydnaviruses during oviposition. For this reason, <jats:italic>P. puparum<\/jats:italic> and its pupal host, the small white butterfly <jats:italic>Pieris rapae<\/jats:italic> (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), comprise an excellent model system for studying the influence of an endoparasitoid venom on the biology of the pupal host. <jats:italic>P. puparum<\/jats:italic> venom suppresses the immunity of its host, although the suppressive mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we tested our hypothesis that <jats:italic>P. puparum<\/jats:italic> venom influences host gene expression in the two main immunity-conferring tissues, hemocytes and fat body.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>At 1 h post-venom injection, we recorded significant decreases in transcript levels of 217 EST clones (revealing 113 genes identified <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>, including 62 unknown contigs) derived from forward subtractive libraries of host hemocytes and in transcript levels of 288 EST clones (221 genes identified <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>, including 123 unknown contigs) from libraries of host fat body. These genes are related to insect immune response, cytoskeleton, cell cycle and apoptosis, metabolism, transport, stress response and transcriptional and translational regulation. We verified the reliability of the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) data with semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of a set of randomly selected genes. This analysis showed that most of the selected genes were down-regulated after venom injection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our findings support our hypothesis that <jats:italic>P. puparum<\/jats:italic> venom influences gene expression in host hemocytes and fat body. Specifically, the venom treatments led to reductions in expression of a large number of genes. Many of the down-regulated genes act in immunity, although others act in non-immune areas of host biology. We conclude that the actions of venom on host gene expression influence immunity as well as other aspects of host biology in ways that benefit the development and emergence of the next generation of parasitoids.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,2]],"date-time":"2010-09-02T18:14:02Z","timestamp":1283451242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Expression of immune-response genes in lepidopteran host is suppressed by venom from an endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zunnu-raen","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gongyin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"3078_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2806(05)32001-7","volume":"32","author":"MT Siva-Jothy","year":"2005","unstructured":"Siva-Jothy MT, Moret Y, Rolff J: Insect immunity: an evolutionary ecology perspective. 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