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In contrast, low pathogenic <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>palearctica<\/jats:italic> serobiotype O:3\/4 is responsible for sporadic cases worldwide with asymptomatic pigs being the main source of infection. Genomes of three <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>palearctica<\/jats:italic> serobiotype O:3\/4 human isolates (including the completely sequenced Y11 German DSMZ type strain) were compared to the high-pathogenic <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> 8081 O:8\/1B to address the peculiarities of the O:3\/4 group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most high-pathogenicity-associated determinants of <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> (like the High-Pathogenicity Island, <jats:italic>yts1<\/jats:italic> type 2 and <jats:italic>ysa<\/jats:italic> type 3 secretion systems) are absent in <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>palearctica<\/jats:italic> serobiotype O:3\/4 genomes. On the other hand they possess alternative putative virulence and fitness factors, such as a different <jats:italic>ysp<\/jats:italic> type 3 secretion system, an RtxA-like and insecticidal toxins, and a N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) PTS system (<jats:italic>aga<\/jats:italic>-operon). Horizontal acquisition of two prophages and a tRNA-Asn-associated GIYep-01 genomic island might also influence the <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>palearctica<\/jats:italic> serobiotype O:3\/4 pathoadaptation. We demonstrated recombination activity of the PhiYep-3 prophage and the GIYep-01 island and the ability of the <jats:italic>aga<\/jats:italic>-operon to support the growth of the <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> O:8\/1B on GalNAc.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>Y. enterocolitica<\/jats:italic> ssp. <jats:italic>palearctica<\/jats:italic> serobiotype O:3\/4 experienced a shift to an alternative patchwork of virulence and fitness determinants that might play a significant role in its host pathoadaptation and successful worldwide dissemination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T18:18:30Z","timestamp":1309976310000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Yersinia enterocolitica palearctica serobiotype O:3\/4 - a successful group of emerging zoonotic pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Batzilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uladzimir","family":"Antonenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"H\u00f6per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Heesemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3524_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro730","volume":"1","author":"BW Wren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wren BW: The yersiniae--a model genus to study the rapid evolution of bacterial pathogens. 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