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When humans inhale contaminated aerosols this bacterium may cause a severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease. Despite the abundance of dozens of <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> species in aquatic reservoirs, the vast majority of human disease is caused by a single serogroup (Sg) of a single species, namely <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> Sg1. To get further insights into genome dynamics and evolution of Sg1 strains, we sequenced strains Lorraine and HL 0604 1035 (Sg1) and compared them to the available sequences of Sg1 strains Paris, Lens, Corby and Philadelphia, resulting in a comprehensive multigenome analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We show that <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> Sg1 has a highly conserved and syntenic core genome that comprises the many eukaryotic like proteins and a conserved repertoire of over 200 Dot\/Icm type IV secreted substrates. However, recombination events and horizontal gene transfer are frequent. In particular the analyses of the distribution of nucleotide polymorphisms suggests that large chromosomal fragments of over 200 kbs are exchanged between <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> strains and contribute to the genome dynamics in the natural population. The many secretion systems present might be implicated in exchange of these fragments by conjugal transfer. Plasmids also play a role in genome diversification and are exchanged among strains and circulate between different <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and from eukaryotes to <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> as well as recombination between strains allows different clones to evolve into predominant disease clones and others to replace them subsequently within relatively short periods of time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T14:06:59Z","timestamp":1321538819000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Extensive recombination events and horizontal gene transfer shaped the Legionella pneumophila genomes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Gomez-Valero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Rusniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Jarraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Vacherie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00e9","family":"Rouy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Barbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudine","family":"Medigue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome","family":"Etienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Buchrieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3676_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.1.9-16.1981","volume":"41","author":"CB Fliermans","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fliermans CB, Cherry WB, Orrison LH, Smith SJ, Tison DL, Pope DH: Ecological distribution of Legionella pneumophila. 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