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Although the genome of <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> is publically available, annotated gene models are not highly reliable prior to experimental validation. Therefore, we validated a preproposed gene model of <jats:italic>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> and extended the associated annotations on the basis of experimentally obtained full-length expressed sequence tags (ESTs).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> cultured merozoites, 12,286 clones harboring full-length cDNAs were sequenced from both ends using the Sanger method, and 6,787 full-length cDNAs were assembled. These were then clustered, and a nonredundant referential data set of 2,115 full-length cDNA sequences was constructed. The comparison of the preproposed gene model with our data set identified 310 identical genes, 342 almost identical genes, 1,054 genes with potential structural inconsistencies, and 409 novel genes. The median length of 5<jats:italic>'<\/jats:italic> untranslated regions (UTRs) was 152\u00a0nt. Subsequently, we identified 4,086 transcription start sites (TSSs) and 2,023 transcriptionally active regions (TARs) by examining 5<jats:italic>'<\/jats:italic> ESTs. We identified ATGGGG and CCCCAT sites as consensus motifs in TARs that were distributed around -50\u00a0bp from TSSs. In addition, we found ACACA, TGTGT, and TATAT sites, which were distributed periodically around TSSs in cycles of approximately 150\u00a0bp. Moreover, related periodical distributions were not observed in mammalian promoter regions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The observations in this study indicate the utility of integrated bioinformatics and experimental data for improving genome annotations. In particular, full-length cDNAs with one-base resolution for TSSs enabled the identification of consensus motifs in promoter sequences and demonstrated clear distributions of identified motifs. These observations allowed the illustration of a model promoter composition, which supports the differences in transcriptional regulation frameworks between apicomplexan parasites and mammals.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]],"date-time":"2014-08-13T21:03:46Z","timestamp":1407963826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Babesia bovis gene and promoter model: an update from full-length EST analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junya","family":"Yamagishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Wakaguri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoaki","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riu","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuenan","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Igarashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl","key":"6376_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005190","volume":"129","author":"R Bock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bock R, Jackson L, De Vos A, Jorgensen W: Babesiosis of cattle. 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