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To investigate the effects of stimulatory (follicle-stimulating hormone; FSH) and inhibitory (tumour necrosis factor alpha; TNF\u03b1) factors on the granulosa cell transcriptome, bovine ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and pools of granulosa cells were cultured <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for six days under defined serum-free conditions with treatments present on days 3\u20136. Initially dose\u2013response experiments (n = 4) were performed to determine the optimal concentrations of FSH (0.33 ng\/ml) and TNF\u03b1 (10 ng\/ml) to be used for the microarray experiments. For array experiments cells were cultured under control conditions, with FSH, with TNF\u03b1, or with FSH plus TNF\u03b1 (n = 4 per group) and RNA was harvested for microarray analyses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Statistical analysis showed primary clustering of the arrays into two groups, control\/FSH and TNF\u03b1\/TNF\u03b1 plus FSH. The effect of TNF\u03b1 on gene expression dominated that of FSH, with substantially more genes differentially regulated, and the pathways and genes regulated by TNF\u03b1 being similar to those of FSH plus TNF\u03b1 treatment. TNF\u03b1 treatment reduced the endocrine activity of granulosa cells with reductions in expression of <jats:italic>FST<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>INHA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>INBA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AMH.<\/jats:italic> The top-ranked canonical pathways and GO biological terms for the TNF\u03b1 treatments included antigen presentation, inflammatory response and other pathways indicative of innate immune function and fibrosis. The two most significant networks also reflect this, containing molecules which are present in the canonical pathways of hepatic fibrosis\/hepatic stellate cell activation and transforming growth factor \u03b2 signalling, and these were up regulated. Upstream regulator analyses also predicted TNF, interferons \u03b3 and \u03b21 and interleukin 1\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, the transcriptome of granulosa cells responded minimally to FSH compared with the response to TNF\u03b1. The response to TNF\u03b1 indicated an active process akin to tissue remodelling as would occur upon atresia. Additionally there was reduction in endocrine function and induction of an inflammatory response to TNF\u03b1 that displays features similar to immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T04:01:17Z","timestamp":1390881677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The global effect of follicle-stimulating hormone and tumour necrosis factor \u03b1 on gene expression in cultured bovine ovarian granulosa cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Glister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hatzirodos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Hummitzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip G","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5704_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00430-5","volume":"171","author":"RJ Rodgers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodgers RJ, Irving-Rodgers HF, Van Wezel IL, Krupa M, Lavranos TC: Dynamics of the membrana granulosa during expansion of the ovarian follicular antrum. 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