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The current major focus in leptospirosis research is to discover conserved protective antigens that may elicit longer-term protection against a broad range of<jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>. There is a need to screen vaccine candidate genes in the genome of<jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bioinformatics, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis and transcriptional analysis were used to identify vaccine candidates in the genome of<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>serovar Lai strain #56601. Of a total of 4727 open reading frames (ORFs), 616 genes were predicted to encode surface-exposed proteins by P-CLASSIFIER combined with signal peptide prediction, \u03b1-helix transmembrane topology prediction, integral \u03b2-barrel outer membrane protein and lipoprotein prediction, as well as by retaining the genes shared by the two sequenced<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>genomes and by subtracting genes with human homologues. A DNA microarray of<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>strain #56601 was constructed for CGH analysis and transcriptome analysis<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Three hundred and seven differential genes were identified in ten pathogenic serovars by CGH; 1427 genes had high transcriptional levels (Cy3 signal \u2265 342 and Cy5 signal \u2265 363.5, respectively). There were 565 genes in the intersection between the set encoding surface-exposed proteins and the set of 307 differential genes. The number of genes in the intersection between this set of 565 and the set of 1427 highly transcriptionally active genes was 226. These 226 genes were thus identified as putative vaccine candidates. The proteins encoded by these genes are not only potentially surface-exposed in the bacterium, but also conserved in two sequenced<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, these genes are conserved among ten epidemic serovars in China and have high transcriptional levels<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 4727 ORFs in the genome of<jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>, 226 genes were identified as vaccine candidates by bioinformatics, CGH and transcriptional analysis on the basis of the theory of reverse vaccinology. The proteins encoded by these genes might be useful as vaccine candidates as well as for diagnosis of leptospirosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,17]],"date-time":"2006-11-17T07:14:37Z","timestamp":1163747677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["In silico and microarray-based genomic approaches to identifying potential vaccine candidates against Leptospira interrogans"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hong-Liang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Zhang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-Cheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Kui","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"676_CR1","volume-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"S Faine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Faine S, Alder B, Bolin C, Perolat P: Leptospira and Leptospirosis. 1999, Melbourne , Medisci"},{"key":"676_CR2","unstructured":"Human leptospirosis:guidance for diagnosis,surveillance and control. 2003, World Health Organization"},{"issue":"2","key":"676_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(99)00333-X","volume":"177","author":"A de la Pena-Moctezuma","year":"1999","unstructured":"de la Pena-Moctezuma A, Bulach DM, Kalambaheti T, Adler B: Comparative analysis of the LPS biosynthetic loci of the genetic subtypes of serovar Hardjo: Leptospira interrogans subtype Hardjoprajitno and Leptospira borgpetersenii subtype Hardjobovis. 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