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In addition, mt genome sequences have provided useful markers for investigating population genetic structures, systematics and phylogenetics of organisms. <jats:italic>Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Toxocara malaysiensis<\/jats:italic> cause significant health problems in animals and humans. Although they are of importance in human and animal health, no information on the mt genomes for any of <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> species is available.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The sizes of the entire mt genome are 14,322 bp for <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>, 14029 bp for <jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic> and 14266 bp for <jats:italic>T. malaysiensis<\/jats:italic>, respectively. These circular genomes are amongst the largest reported to date for all secernentean nematodes. Their relatively large sizes relate mainly to an increased length in the AT-rich region. The mt genomes of the three <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> species all encode 12 proteins, two ribosomal RNAs and 22 transfer RNA genes, but lack the ATP synthetase subunit 8 gene, which is consistent with all other species of Nematode studied to date, with the exception of <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>. All genes are transcribed in the same direction and have a nucleotide composition high in A and T, but low in G and C. The contents of A+T of the complete genomes are 68.57% for <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>, 69.95% for <jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic> and 68.86% for <jats:italic>T. malaysiensis<\/jats:italic>, among which the A+T for <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic> is the lowest among all nematodes studied to date. The AT bias had a significant effect on both the codon usage pattern and amino acid composition of proteins. The mt genome structures for three <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic> species, including genes and non-coding regions, are in the same order as for <jats:italic>Ascaris suum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anisakis simplex<\/jats:italic>, but differ from <jats:italic>Ancylostoma duodenale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Necator americanus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> only in the location of the AT-rich region, whereas there are substantial differences when compared with <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>Dirofiliria immitis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes revealed that the newly described species <jats:italic>T. malaysiensis<\/jats:italic> was more closely related to <jats:italic>T. cati<\/jats:italic> than to <jats:italic>T. canis<\/jats:italic>, consistent with results of a previous study using sequences of nuclear internal transcribed spacers as genetic markers.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The present study determined the complete mt genome sequences for three roundworms of human and animal health significance, which provides mtDNA evidence for the validity of <jats:italic>T. malaysiensis<\/jats:italic> and also provides a foundation for studying the systematics, population genetics and ecology of these and other nematodes of socio-economic importance.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,16]],"date-time":"2008-05-16T06:10:41Z","timestamp":1210918241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["The complete mitochondrial genomes for three Toxocara species of human and animal health significance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ming-Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-Qing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Qun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Yun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing-Quan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1417_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62066-5","volume":"141","author":"DR Wolstenholme","year":"1992","unstructured":"Wolstenholme DR: Animal mitochondrial DNA, structure and evolution. 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