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It has become apparent that deregulation of epithelial innate immunity is a major reason for the development of chronic inflammatory lung diseases. To elucidate the molecular architecture of the innate immune system of airway epithelial cells, we choose the fruit fly <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic> as a model, because it has the simplest type of airways, consisting of epithelial cells only. Elucidating the structure of the innate immune system of this \"airway epithelial cell culture\" might enable us to understand why deregulatory processes in innate immune signalling cascades lead to long lasting inflammatory events.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All airway epithelial cells of the fruit fly are able to launch an immune response. They contain only one functional signal transduction pathway that converges onto NF-\u03baB factors, namely the IMD-pathway, which is homologous to the TNF-\u03b1 receptor pathway. Although vital parts of the Toll-pathway are missing, dorsal and dif, the NF-\u03baB factors dedicated to this signalling system, are present. Other pathways involved in immune regulation, such as the JNK- and the JAK\/STAT-pathway, are completely functional in these cells. In addition, most peptidoglycan recognition proteins, representing the almost complete collection of pattern recognition receptors, are part of the epithelial cells equipment. Potential effector molecules are different antimicrobial peptides and lysozymes, but also transferrin that can inhibit bacterial growth through iron-depletion. Reactive oxygen species can be inactivated through the almost complete armamentarium of enzymatic antioxidants that has the fly to its disposal.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The innate immune system of the fly's airway epithelium has a very peculiar organization. A great variety of pattern recognition receptors as well as of potential effector molecules are conspicuous, whereas signalling presumably occurs through a single NF-\u03baB activating pathway. This architecture will allow reacting if confronted with different bacterial or fungal elicitors by activation of a multitude of effectors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,30]],"date-time":"2008-09-30T06:15:07Z","timestamp":1222755307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Molecular architecture of the fruit fly's airway epithelial immune system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Isermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Fehrenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Roeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1639_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.031403.160043","volume":"19","author":"A Ghabrial","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ghabrial A, Luschnig S, Metzstein MM, Krasnow MA: Branching morphogenesis of the Drosophila tracheal system. 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