{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:47:35Z","timestamp":1791308855667,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Immunization with recombinant carboxyl-terminal domain of the heavy chain (Hc domain) of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) stimulates protective immunity against native BoNT challenge. Most studies developing a botulism vaccine have focused on the whole Hc; however, since the principal protective epitopes are located within \u03b2-trefoil domain (Hc\u03b2tre), we hypothesize that immunization with the Hc\u03b2tre domain is sufficient to confer protective immunity. In addition, enhancing its uptake subsequent to nasal delivery prompted development of an alternative vaccine strategy, and we hypothesize that the addition of targeting moiety adenovirus 2 fiber protein (Ad2F) may enhance such uptake during vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Hc\u03b2tre serotype B immunogen was genetically fused to Ad2F (Hc\u03b2tre\/B-Ad2F), and its immunogenicity was tested in mice. In combination with the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT), enhanced mucosal IgA and serum IgG Ab titers were induced by nasal Hc\u03b2tre-Ad2F relative to Hc\u03b2tre alone; however, similar Ab titers were obtained upon intramuscular immunization. These BoNT\/B-specific Abs induced by nasal immunization were generally supported in large part by Th2 cells, as opposed to Hc\u03b2tre-immunized mice that showed more mixed Th1 and Th2 cells. Using a mouse neutralization assay, sera from animals immunized with Hc\u03b2tre and Hc\u03b2tre-Ad2F protected mice against 2.0 LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>These results demonstrate that Hc\u03b2tre-based immunogens are highly immunogenic, especially when genetically fused to Ad2F, and Ad2F can be exploited as a vaccine delivery platform to the mucosa.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]],"date-time":"2010-07-07T18:15:15Z","timestamp":1278526515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Adenovirus F protein as a delivery vehicle for botulinum B"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Beata","family":"Clapp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Maddaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman F","family":"Staats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"320_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.66","volume":"3","author":"CL Hatheway","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hatheway CL: Toxigenic clostridia. 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