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Vaccine development against <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic> is of contemporary interest because a large number of relapses and clinical failures are reported with antifungal agents. An efficient Th1 response engenders protection. Thus, we have focused on developing a dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine for coccidioidomycosis. In this study, we investigated the immunostimulatory characteristics of an intranasal primary DC-vaccine in BALB\/c mouse strain that is most susceptible to coccidioidomycosis. The DCs were transfected nonvirally with <jats:italic>Coccidioides-<\/jats:italic> Ag2\/PRA-cDNA. Expression of DC-markers, Ag2\/PRA and cytokines were studied by flow cytometry, dot-immunoblotting and cytometric bead array methods, respectively. The T cell activation was studied by assessing the upregulation of activation markers in a DC-T cell co-culture assay. For trafficking, the DCs were co-transfected with a plasmid DNA encoding HSV1 thymidine kinase (TK) and administered intranasally into syngeneic mice. The trafficking and homing of TK-expressing DCs were monitored with positron emission tomography (PET) using <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>F-FIAU probe. Based on the PET-probe accumulation in vaccinated mice, selected tissues were studied for antigen-specific response and T cell phenotypes using ELISPOT and flow cytometry, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We found that the primary DCs transfected with <jats:italic>Coccidioides<\/jats:italic>-Ag2\/PRA-cDNA were of immature immunophenotype, expressed Ag2\/PRA and activated na\u00efve T cells. In PET images and subsequent biodistribution, intranasally-administered DCs were found to migrate in blood, lung and thymus; lymphocytes showed generation of T effector memory cell population (T<jats:sub>EM<\/jats:sub>) and IFN-\u03b3 release.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the intranasally-administered primary DC vaccine is capable of inducing Ag2\/PRA-specific T cell response. Unique approaches utilized in our study represent an attractive and novel means of producing and evaluating an autologous DC-based vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-60","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,5]],"date-time":"2011-01-05T19:14:21Z","timestamp":1294254861000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["In vivo trafficking and immunostimulatory potential of an intranasally-administered primary dendritic cell-based vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Prachi","family":"Vilekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vibhudutta","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Lagisetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanjana","family":"Awasthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.004","volume":"1111","author":"R Laniado-Laborin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laniado-Laborin R: Expanding understanding of epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis in the Western hemisphere. 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