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It is currently unknown whether the Ii-segment cytosolic and transmembrane domains bind to the MHC non-peptide binding region (PBR) and consequently influence immune response. To investigate the potential role of Ii-segments in the immune response via MHC II\/peptide complexes, a few hybrids containing Ii-segments and a multiepitope (F306) from Newcastle disease virus fusion protein (F) were constructed, and their binding effects on MHC II molecules and specific antibody production were compared using confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, western blotting and animal experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the Ii-segment\/F306 hybrids, containing ND (Asn\u2013Asp) outside the F306 in the Ii-key structure (Ii-key\/F306\/ND), neither co-localized with MHC II molecules on plasma membrane nor bound to MHC II molecules to form complexes. However, stimulation of mice with the structure produced 4-fold higher antibody titers compared with F306 alone. The two other Ii-segment\/F306 hybrids, in which the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of Ii were linked to this structure (Cyt\/TM\/Ii-key\/F306\/ND), partially co-localized on plasma membrane with MHC class II molecules and weakly bound MHC II molecules to form complexes. They induced mice to produce approximately 9-fold higher antibody titers compared with F306 alone. Furthermore, an Ii\/F306 hybrid (F306 substituting CLIP) co-localized well with MHC II molecules on the membrane to form complexes, although it increased antibody titer about 3-fold relative to F306 alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that Ii-segments improve specific immune response by binding to the non-PBR on MHC class II molecules and enabling membrane co-localization with MHC II molecules, resulting in the formation of relatively stable MHC II\/peptide complexes on the plasma membrane, and signal transduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-13-55","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T06:50:45Z","timestamp":1348987845000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Boosting immune response with the invariant chain segments via association with non-peptide binding region of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fantao","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fazhi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuelan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"472_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04673.x","volume":"5","author":"M Strubin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Strubin M, Berte C, Mach B: Alternative splicing and alternative initiation of translation explain the four forms of the Ia antigen-associated invariant chain. 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