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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of epinephrine on IL-1-induced proatherogenic cytokine production from mast cells.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>Two ml of HMC-1 (0.75 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> cells\/ml) were cultured with epinephrine (1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>-5<\/jats:sup> M) in the presence or absence of IL-1\u03b2 (10 ng\/ml) for 24 hrs. HMC-1 cultured alone produced none to trace amounts of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13. IL-1\u03b2 significantly induced production of these cytokines in HMC-1, while epinephrine alone did not. However, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13 production induced by IL-1\u03b2 were significantly enhanced by addition of epinephrine. The enhancing effect appears to involve NF-\u03baB and p38 MAPK pathways. Flow cytometry showed the presence of \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> adrenoreceptors on resting mast cells. The enhancing effect of proatherogenic cytokine production by epinephrine was down regulated by the \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> adrenoceptor antagonist, propranolol, but not by the \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> adrenoceptor antagonist, atenolol, suggesting the effect involved \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> adrenoceptors. The enhancing effect of epinephrine on proatherogenic cytokine production was also down regulated by the immunosuppressive drug, dexamethasone.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>These results not only confirm that an acute phase cytokine, IL-1\u03b2, regulates mast cell function, but also show that epinephrine up regulates the IL-1\u03b2 induction of proatherogenic cytokines in mast cells. These data provide a novel role for epinephrine, a stress hormone, in inflammation and atherogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-5-22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,24]],"date-time":"2004-09-24T06:23:32Z","timestamp":1096007012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["MAPK-dependent regulation of IL-1- and \u03b2-adrenoreceptor-induced inflammatory cytokine production from mast cells: Implications for the stress response"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"David S","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Matthew","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Cantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellis","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shau-Ku","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guha","family":"Krishnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"59_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(00)01747-0","volume":"6","author":"JL Kelley","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kelley JL, Chi DS, Abou-Auda W, Smith JK, Krishnaswamy G: The molecular role of mast cells in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 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