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The aim of the present experiments was to investigate the estrogenic and androgenic effects of 4-estren-3\u03b1,17\u03b2-diol (estren) on thymus, bone marrow and submandibular glands, and compare the effects to those of 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2) and 5\u03b1-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), respectively. Estrogen receptors (ERs) were blocked by treatment of mice with the ER-antagonist ICI 182,780; also, knock-out mice lacking one or both ERs were used.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>As expected, the presence of functional ERs was mandatory for all the effects of E2. Similar to DHT-treatment, estren-treatment resulted in decreased thymus weight, as well as decreased frequency of bone marrow B cells. Treatment with estren or DHT also resulted in a shift in submandibular glands towards an androgen phenotype. All the effects of estren and DHT were independent of ERs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study is the first to show that estren has similar effects as the androgen DHT on lymphopoiesis in thymus and bone marrow, and on submandibular glands, and that these effects are independent of estrogen receptors. This supports the hypothesis of estren being able to signal through the androgen receptor.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,13]],"date-time":"2005-07-13T06:41:27Z","timestamp":1121236887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Estren promotes androgen phenotypes in primary lymphoid organs and submandibular glands"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Islander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Hass\u00e9us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin C","family":"Erlandsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Jochems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Mov\u00e9rare","family":"Skrtic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan-\u00c5ke","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claes","family":"Ohlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Carlsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"77_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1014742","volume":"16","author":"T Marotti","year":"1984","unstructured":"Marotti T, Sirotkovic M, Pavelic J, Gabrilovac J, Pavelic K: In vivo effect of progesteron and estrogen on thymus mass and T-cell functions in female mice. 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