{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:35:34Z","timestamp":1791354934500,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]],"date-time":"2005-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1107475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The function of CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, constituting a major subset of germinal center T (GC-Th) cells in human lymphoid tissues, has been unclear. There have been contradictory reports regarding the B cell helping function of CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells in production of immunoglobulin (Ig). Furthermore, the cytokine and co-stimulation requirement for their helper activity remains largely unknown. To clarify and gain more insight into their function in helping B cells, we systematically investigated the capacity of human tonsil CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells in inducing B cell Ig synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>We demonstrated that CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells are highly efficient in helping B cell production of all four subsets of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA and IgE) compared to other T-helper cells located in germinal centers or interfollicular areas. CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells were particularly more efficient than other T cells in helping GC-B cells but not na\u00efve B cells. CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells induced the expression of activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and class switch recombination in developing B cells. IgG1-3 and IgA1 were the major Ig isotypes induced by CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells. CD40L, but not IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-\u03b3, was critical in CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cell-driven B cell production of Ig. However, IL-10, when added exogenously, significantly enhanced the helper activity of CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cells, while TGF-\u03b21 completely and IFN-\u03b3 partially suppressed the CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> GC-Th cell-driven Ig production.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>CD57<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in the germinal centers of human lymphoid tissues are the major T helper cell subset for GC-B cells in Ig synthesis. Their helper activity is consistent with their capacity to induce AID and class switch recombination, and can be regulated by CD40L, IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,5]],"date-time":"2005-02-05T07:25:12Z","timestamp":1107588312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Human CD57+ germinal center-T cells are the major helpers for GC-B cells and induce class switch recombination"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jong R","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung W","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung G","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hillsamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang H","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"64_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80145-8","volume":"9","author":"YJ Liu","year":"1997","unstructured":"Liu YJ, de Bouteiller O, Fugier-Vivier I: Mechanisms of selection and differentiation in germinal centers. Curr Opin Immunol. 1997, 9: 256-262. 10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80145-8.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/367425a0","volume":"367","author":"EA Clark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Clark EA, Ledbetter JA: How B and T cells talk to each other. Nature. 1994, 367: 425-428. 10.1038\/367425a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830241020","volume":"24","author":"M Ziegner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ziegner M, Steinhauser G, Berek C: Development of antibody diversity in single germinal centers: selective expansion of high-affinity variants. Eur J Immunol. 1994, 24: 2393-2400.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90668-G","volume":"72","author":"A Aruffo","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aruffo A, Farrington M, Hollenbaugh D, Li X, Milatovich A, Nonoyama S, Bajorath J, Grosmaire LS, Stenkamp R, Neubauer M, et al.: The CD40 ligand, gp39, is defective in activated T cells from patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Cell. 1993, 72: 291-300. 10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90668-G.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.2.438","volume":"152","author":"MD Jumper","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jumper MD, Splawski JB, Lipsky PE, Meek K: Ligation of CD40 induces sterile transcripts of multiple Ig H chain isotypes in human B cells. J Immunol. 1994, 152: 438-445.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3107127","volume":"236","author":"CM Snapper","year":"1987","unstructured":"Snapper CM, Paul WE: Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science. 1987, 236: 944-947.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"64_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(96)80058-6","volume":"8","author":"J Stavnezer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stavnezer J: Immunoglobulin class switching. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996, 8: 199-205. 10.1016\/S0952-7915(96)80058-6.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80432-X","volume":"4","author":"YJ Liu","year":"1996","unstructured":"Liu YJ, Malisan F, de Bouteiller O, Guret C, Lebecque S, Banchereau J, Mills FC, Max EE, Martinez-Valdez H: Within germinal centers, isotype switching of immunoglobulin genes occurs after the onset of somatic mutation. Immunity. 1996, 4: 241-250. 10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80432-X.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"64_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.12.4055","volume":"146","author":"M Croft","year":"1991","unstructured":"Croft M, Swain SL: B cell response to fresh and effector T helper cells. Role of cognate T- B interaction and the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6. J Immunol. 1991, 146: 4055-4064.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830221016","volume":"22","author":"P Lane","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lane P, Traunecker A, Hubele S, Inui S, Lanzavecchia A, Gray D: Activated human T cells express a ligand for the human B cell- associated antigen CD40 which participates in T cell-dependent activation of B lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1992, 22: 2573-2578.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90068-I","volume":"13","author":"RJ Noelle","year":"1992","unstructured":"Noelle RJ, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A: CD40 and its ligand, an essential ligand-receptor pair for thymus-dependent B-cell activation. Immunol Today. 1992, 13: 431-433. 10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90068-I.","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"64_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1983.tb00882.x","volume":"18","author":"A Porwit-Ksiazek","year":"1983","unstructured":"Porwit-Ksiazek A, Ksiazek T, Biberfeld P: Leu 7+ (HNK-1+) cells. I. Selective compartmentalization of Leu 7+ cells with different immunophenotypes in lymphatic tissues and blood. Scand J Immunol. 1983, 18: 485-493.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.9.2808","volume":"137","author":"A Velardi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Velardi A, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Grossi CE: Functional analysis of cloned germinal center CD4+ cells with natural killer cell-related features. Divergence from typical T helper cells. J Immunol. 1986, 137: 2808-2813.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/80.1.21","volume":"80","author":"SM Hsu","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hsu SM, Cossman J, Jaffe ES: Lymphocyte subsets in normal human lymphoid tissues. Am J Clin Pathol. 1983, 80: 21-30.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"64_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-8859(91)90050-J","volume":"31","author":"MB Bowen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bowen MB, Butch AW, Parvin CA, Levine A, Nahm MH: Germinal center T cells are distinct helper-inducer T cells. Hum Immunol. 1991, 31: 67-75. 10.1016\/0198-8859(91)90050-J.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1155\/1995\/76790","volume":"4","author":"F Bouzahzah","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bouzahzah F, Bosseloir A, Heinen E, Simar LJ: Human germinal center CD4+CD57+ T cells act differently on B cells than do classical T-helper cells. Dev Immunol. 1995, 4: 189-197.","journal-title":"Dev Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1971-3_68","volume":"378","author":"F Bouzahzah","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bouzahzah F, Bosseloir A, Heinen E, Simar LJ: Germinal center T cells: analysis of their proliferative capacity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1995, 378: 305-307.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"64_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.1657","volume":"171","author":"B Johansson-Lindbom","year":"2003","unstructured":"Johansson-Lindbom B, Ingvarsson S, Borrebaeck CA: Germinal centers regulate human Th2 development. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 1657-1666.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.12.1373","volume":"193","author":"CH Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim CH, Rott LS, Clark-Lewis I, Campbell DJ, Wu L, Butcher EC: Subspecialization of CXCR5+ T cells: B helper activity is focused in a germinal center-localized subset of CXCR5+ T cells. J Exp Med. 2001, 193: 1373-1381. 10.1084\/jem.193.12.1373.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02029-4","volume":"22","author":"CH Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim CH, Campbell DJ, Butcher EC: Nonpolarized memory T cells. Trends in Immunology. 2001, 22: 527-530. 10.1016\/S1471-4906(01)02029-4.","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology"},{"key":"64_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1206","volume":"104","author":"CH Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim CH, Lim HW, Kim JR, Rott L, Hillsamer P, Butcher EC: Unique gene expression program of human germinal center T helper cells. Blood. 2004, 104: 1952-1960. 10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1206.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"64_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/35876","volume":"391","author":"MD Gunn","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gunn MD, Ngo VN, Ansel KM, Ekland EH, Cyster JG, Williams LT: A B-cell-homing chemokine made in lymphoid follicles activates Burkitt's lymphoma receptor-1. Nature. 1998, 391: 799-803. 10.1038\/35876.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.4.655","volume":"187","author":"DF Legler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Legler DF, Loetscher M, Roos RS, Clark-Lewis I, Baggiolini M, Moser B: B cell-attracting chemokine 1, a human CXC chemokine expressed in lymphoid tissues, selectively attracts B lymphocytes via BLR1\/CXCR5. J Exp Med. 1998, 187: 655-660. 10.1084\/jem.187.4.655.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/35018581","volume":"406","author":"KM Ansel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ansel KM, Ngo VN, Hyman PL, Luther SA, Forster R, Sedgwick JD, Browning JL, Lipp M, Cyster JG: A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles. Nature. 2000, 406: 309-314. 10.1038\/35018581.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5535-9_64","volume":"237","author":"D Banerjee","year":"1988","unstructured":"Banerjee D, Baril J, Bell DA, McFarlane D, Karim R: Suppression of immunoglobulin production by germinal centre HNK-1+ CD3+ cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1988, 237: 421-425.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"64_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00918700","volume":"6","author":"A Velardi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Velardi A, Tilden AB, Millo R, Grossi CE: Isolation and characterization of Leu 7+ germinal-center cells with the T helper-cell phenotype and granular lymphocyte morphology. J Clin Immunol. 1986, 6: 205-215. 10.1007\/BF00918700.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1996.0107","volume":"169","author":"E Andersson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Andersson E, Dahlenborg K, Ohlin M, Borrebaeck CA, Carlsson R: Immunoglobulin production induced by CD57+ GC-derived helper T cells in vitro requires addition of exogenous IL-2. Cell Immunol. 1996, 169: 166-173. 10.1006\/cimm.1996.0107.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR28","first-page":"1016","volume":"46","author":"S Mori","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mori S, Mohri N, Morita H, Yamaguchi K, Shimamine T: Germinal centers as the main sites of Leu 7 (HNK-1) lymphocytes in human lymph node and tonsil. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1983, 46: 1016-1019.","journal-title":"Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"64_CR29","first-page":"439","volume":"51","author":"AW Ritchie","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ritchie AW, James K, Micklem HS: The distribution and possible significance of cells identified in human lymphoid tissue by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983, 51: 439-447.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00132-5","volume":"233","author":"HA Weckert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weckert HA, Hughes JA, Benson EM, Dunn IS: Quantifiable analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy chain class-switch recombination to all isotypes. J Immunol Methods. 2000, 233: 141-158. 10.1016\/S0022-1759(99)00132-5.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"64_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3729::AID-IMMU3729>3.0.CO;2-I","volume":"29","author":"SJ Golby","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golby SJ, Dunn-Walters DK, Spencer J: Human tonsillar germinal center T cells are a diverse and widely disseminated population. Eur J Immunol. 1999, 29: 3729-3736. 10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199911)29:11<3729::AID-IMMU3729>3.3.CO;2-9.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830230936","volume":"23","author":"A Durandy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Durandy A, Schiff C, Bonnefoy JY, Forveille M, Rousset F, Mazzei G, Milili M, Fischer A: Induction by anti-CD40 antibody or soluble CD40 ligand and cytokines of IgG, IgA and IgE production by B cells from patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome. Eur J Immunol. 1993, 23: 2294-2299.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.3.1097","volume":"178","author":"S Nonoyama","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nonoyama S, Hollenbaugh D, Aruffo A, Ledbetter JA, Ochs HD: B cell activation via CD40 is required for specific antibody production by antigen-stimulated human B cells. J Exp Med. 1993, 178: 1097-1102. 10.1084\/jem.178.3.1097.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7679801","volume":"259","author":"RC Allen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Allen RC, Armitage RJ, Conley ME, Rosenblatt H, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Bedell MA, Edelhoff S, Disteche CM, Simoneaux DK, et al.: CD40 ligand gene defects responsible for X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Science. 1993, 259: 990-993.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"64_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/361541a0","volume":"361","author":"JP DiSanto","year":"1993","unstructured":"DiSanto JP, Bonnefoy JY, Gauchat JF, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G: CD40 ligand mutations in x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM. Nature. 1993, 361: 541-543. 10.1038\/361541a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90073-6","volume":"1","author":"J Xu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Xu J, Foy TM, Laman JD, Elliott EA, Dunn JJ, Waldschmidt TJ, Elsemore J, Noelle RJ, Flavell RA: Mice deficient for the CD40 ligand. Immunity. 1994, 1: 423-431. 10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90073-6.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"64_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.5.2145","volume":"160","author":"A Cerutti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cerutti A, Zan H, Schaffer A, Bergsagel L, Harindranath N, Max EE, Casali P: CD40 ligand and appropriate cytokines induce switching to IgG, IgA, and IgE and coordinated germinal center and plasmacytoid phenotypic differentiation in a human monoclonal IgM+IgD+ B cell line. J Immunol. 1998, 160: 2145-2157.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.168.3.853","volume":"168","author":"DA Lebman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lebman DA, Coffman RL: Interleukin 4 causes isotype switching to IgE in T cell-stimulated clonal B cell cultures. J Exp Med. 1988, 168: 853-862. 10.1084\/jem.168.3.853.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1989.tb01221.x","volume":"30","author":"HB Moon","year":"1989","unstructured":"Moon HB, Severinson E, Heusser C, Johansson SG, Moller G, Persson U: Regulation of IgG1 and IgE synthesis by interleukin 4 in mouse B cells. Scand J Immunol. 1989, 30: 355-361.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000235357","volume":"94","author":"HL Spiegelberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Spiegelberg HL, O'Connor RD, Falkoff RJ, Beck L: Interleukin-4 induced IgE and IgG4 secretion by B cells from atopic dermatitis patients. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1991, 94: 181-183.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.3.747","volume":"173","author":"H Gascan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gascan H, Gauchat JF, Roncarolo MG, Yssel H, Spits H, de Vries JE: Human B cell clones can be induced to proliferate and to switch to IgE and IgG4 synthesis by interleukin 4 and a signal provided by activated CD4+ T cell clones. J Exp Med. 1991, 173: 747-750. 10.1084\/jem.173.3.747.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.8.3730","volume":"90","author":"J Punnonen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Punnonen J, Aversa G, Cocks BG, McKenzie AN, Menon S, Zurawski G, de Waal Malefyt R, de Vries JE: Interleukin 13 induces interleukin 4-independent IgG4 and IgE synthesis and CD23 expression by human B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993, 90: 3730-3734.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"64_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.5.2318","volume":"155","author":"S Fujieda","year":"1995","unstructured":"Fujieda S, Zhang K, Saxon A: IL-4 plus CD40 monoclonal antibody induces human B cells gamma subclass-specific isotype switch: switching to gamma 1, gamma 3, and gamma 4, but not gamma 2. J Immunol. 1995, 155: 2318-2328.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.2.757","volume":"179","author":"F Briere","year":"1994","unstructured":"Briere F, Servet-Delprat C, Bridon JM, Saint-Remy JM, Banchereau J: Human interleukin 10 induces naive surface immunoglobulin D+ (sIgD+) B cells to secrete IgG1 and IgG3. J Exp Med. 1994, 179: 757-762. 10.1084\/jem.179.2.757.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90257-C","volume":"135","author":"A Bossie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bossie A, Vitetta ES: IFN-gamma enhances secretion of IgG2a from IgG2a-committed LPS-stimulated murine B cells: implications for the role of IFN-gamma in class switching. Cell Immunol. 1991, 135: 95-104. 10.1016\/0008-8749(91)90257-C.","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/6.4.515","volume":"6","author":"L Xu","year":"1994","unstructured":"Xu L, Rothman P: IFN-gamma represses epsilon germline transcription and subsequently down-regulates switch recombination to epsilon. Int Immunol. 1994, 6: 515-521.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18470","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.26.18470","volume":"274","author":"M Muramatsu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muramatsu M, Sankaranand VS, Anant S, Sugai M, Kinoshita K, Davidson NO, Honjo T: Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 18470-18476. 10.1074\/jbc.274.26.18470.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"64_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/nature714","volume":"415","author":"A Martin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martin A, Bardwell PD, Woo CJ, Fan M, Shulman MJ, Scharff MD: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas. Nature. 2002, 415: 802-806.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"64_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7","volume":"102","author":"M Muramatsu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Muramatsu M, Kinoshita K, Fagarasan S, Yamada S, Shinkai Y, Honjo T: Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell. 2000, 102: 553-563. 10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00078-7.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00079-9","volume":"102","author":"P Revy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Revy P, Muto T, Levy Y, Geissmann F, Plebani A, Sanal O, Catalan N, Forveille M, Dufourcq-Labelouse R, Gennery A, Tezcan I, Ersoy F, Kayserili H, Ugazio AG, Brousse N, Muramatsu M, Notarangelo LD, Kinoshita K, Honjo T, Fischer A, Durandy A: Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2). Cell. 2000, 102: 565-575. 10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00079-9.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"64_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2000.4956","volume":"97","author":"Y Minegishi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Minegishi Y, Lavoie A, Cunningham-Rundles C, Bedard PM, Hebert J, Cote L, Dan K, Sedlak D, Buckley RH, Fischer A, Durandy A, Conley ME: Mutations in activation-induced cytidine deaminase in patients with hyper IgM syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2000, 97: 203-210. 10.1006\/clim.2000.4956.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.3.375","volume":"194","author":"E Meffre","year":"2001","unstructured":"Meffre E, Catalan N, Seltz F, Fischer A, Nussenzweig MC, Durandy A: Somatic hypermutation shapes the antibody repertoire of memory B cells in humans. J Exp Med. 2001, 194: 375-378. 10.1084\/jem.194.3.375.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067308","volume":"295","author":"H Arakawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arakawa H, Hauschild J, Buerstedde JM: Requirement of the activation-induced deaminase (AID) gene for immunoglobulin gene conversion. Science. 2002, 295: 1301-1306. 10.1126\/science.1067308.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"64_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012144","volume":"195","author":"H Nagaoka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Nagaoka H, Muramatsu M, Yamamura N, Kinoshita K, Honjo T: Activation-induced deaminase (AID)-directed hypermutation in the immunoglobulin Smu region: implication of AID involvement in a common step of class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. J Exp Med. 2002, 195: 529-534. 10.1084\/jem.20012144.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"64_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.7.2062","volume":"148","author":"P van Vlasselaer","year":"1992","unstructured":"van Vlasselaer P, Punnonen J, de Vries JE: Transforming growth factor-beta directs IgA switching in human B cells. J Immunol. 1992, 148: 2062-2067.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200422325","volume":"114","author":"HW Lim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lim HW, Hillsamer P, Kim CH: Regulatory T cells can migrate to follicles upon T cell activation and suppress GC-Th cells and GC-Th cell-driven B cell responses. J Clin Invest. 2004, 114: 1640-1649. 10.1172\/JCI200422325.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"64_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.4.1676","volume":"169","author":"MP Roy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Roy MP, Kim CH, Butcher EC: Cytokine control of memory B cell homing machinery. J Immunol. 2002, 169: 1676-1682.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"64_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.15.6978","volume":"89","author":"CC Chu","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chu CC, Paul WE, Max EE: Quantitation of immunoglobulin mu-gamma 1 heavy chain switch region recombination by a digestion-circularization polymerase chain reaction method. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992, 89: 6978-6982.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T12:39:44Z","timestamp":1728304784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12]]}},"alternative-id":["64"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2172-6-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2005","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2005","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"3"}}