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A potential role of BMP-6 in the immune system has been implied by various studies of malignant and rheumatoid diseases. In the present study, we explored the role of BMP-6 in normal human peripheral blood B cells.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The B cells were found to express BMP type I and type II receptors and BMP-6 rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1\/5\/8. Furthermore, Smad-phosphorylation was followed by upregulation of <jats:italic>Id1<\/jats:italic> mRNA and Id1 protein, whereas Id2 and Id3 expression was not affected. Furthermore, we found that BMP-6 had an antiproliferative effect both in na\u00efve (CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD27<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup>) and memory B cells (CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD27<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) stimulated with anti-IgM alone or the combined action of anti-IgM and CD40L. Additionally, BMP-6 induced cell death in activated memory B cells. Importantly, the antiproliferative effect of BMP-6 in B-cells was completely neutralized by the natural antagonist, noggin. Furthermore, B cells were demonstrated to upregulate <jats:italic>BMP-6<\/jats:italic> mRNA upon stimulation with anti-IgM.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In mature human B cells, BMP-6 inhibited cell growth, and rapidly induced phosphorylation of Smad1\/5\/8 followed by an upregulation of Id1.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-6-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,10]],"date-time":"2005-05-10T06:13:52Z","timestamp":1115705632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["BMP-6 inhibits growth of mature human B cells; induction of Smad phosphorylation and upregulation of Id1"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Kersten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Einar A","family":"Sivertsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marit E","family":"Hystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Forfang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erlend B","family":"Smeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"June H","family":"Myklebust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"349-58","key":"70_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2741\/1090","volume":"9","author":"D Chen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chen D, Zhao M, Harris SE, Mi Z: Signal transduction and biological functions of bone morphogenetic proteins. 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