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Recently, our laboratory showed that spontaneous colitis in IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice is driven in part by antigens (Ags) conserved in<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>. The present study dissects some of the common cellular and molecular mechanism that drive<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-mediated and spontaneous colitis in IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show that serum from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients contain significantly higher levels of<jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies (Abs), serum amyloid A (SAA) as well as CXCR3 ligands than serum from healthy donors. To study the cellular mechanisms of<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-associated colitis, pathogen-free IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice were given heat-killed or live<jats:italic>M. avium paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>. The numbers of mucosal T cells, neutrophils, NK\/NKT cells that expressed TNF\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and\/or CXCL10 were significantly higher in mice that received live<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>than other groups. The numbers of mucosal CXCR3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CXCL9<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, CXCL11<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and\/or IFN-\u03b3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>dendritic cells (DCs) were also significantly higher in<jats:italic>M. avium paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>-challenged mice, than compared to control mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study shows that CD and UC patients mount significant<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-specific IgG1 &gt; IgG2 and CXCR3 ligand responses. Several cellular mechanisms that drive spontaneous colitis also mediate<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-enhanced colitis in IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice. Similar to IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice under conventional housing, we show that<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-challenge IL-10<jats:sup>-\/-<\/jats:sup>mice housed under otherwise pathogen-free conditions develop colitis that is driven by CXCR3- and CXCR3 ligand-expressing leukocytes, which underscores another important hallmark and molecular mechanism of colitis. Together, the data show that<jats:italic>Mycobacteria<\/jats:italic>-dependent host responses, namely CXCL10<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>T cells and NK cells, assist in the recruitment and activation of CXCR3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>and CXCL11<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>leukocytes to enhance colitis of susceptible hosts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T18:13:55Z","timestamp":1212603235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["CXCL10+ T cells and NK cells assist in the recruitment and activation of CXCR3+ and CXCL11+ leukocytes during Mycobacteria-enhanced colitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Udai P","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell K","family":"Karls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick D","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis D","family":"Taub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"James W","family":"Lillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.2.1.90","volume":"2","author":"RJ Chiodini","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiodini RJ: Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. 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