{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T15:21:01Z","timestamp":1765380061764},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis are life-threatening systemic necrotizing vasculitides of unknown aetiology. The appearance of circulating antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (ANCA) is strongly associated with the development of the disease. A link between infection and disease has long been suspected, and the appearance of ANCA antibodies has been reported following bacterial and viral infections. The depletion of circulating B cells with monoclonal antibody therapy can induce remission, and this observation suggests a pathogenic role for B cells in this disease. As bacterial DNA is known to induce B cell proliferation and antibody production via TLR-9 stimulation, we have explored the possibility that unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, as found in bacterial and viral DNA, may play a role in stimulating circulating autoreactive B cells to produce ANCA in patients with vasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We have confirmed that unmethylated CpG oligonucleotide is a potent stimulator of antibody production by PBMC <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The stimulation of PBMC with CpG oligonucleutides resulted in the production of similar amounts of IgG in both ANCA+ patients and normal controls. In spite of this, PR3 ANCA+ patients synthesised significantly higher amount of IgG ANCA than normal controls. In MPO ANCA+ patients, there was a tendency for patients to produce higher amount of ANCA than controls, however, the difference did not reach significance. Furthermore, we were able to detect circulating MPO-reactive B cells by ELISpot assay from the peripheral blood of 2 MPO+ ANCA vasculitis patients. Together, this indicates that circulating anti-neutrophil autoreactive B cells are present in ANCA+ vasculitis patients, and they are capable of producing antibodies in response to CpG stimulation. Of note, CpG also induced the production of the relevant autoantibodies in patients with other types of autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Circulating ANCA autoreactive B cells are present in patients with ANCA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> vasculitis. The production of ANCA from these cells in response to unmethylated CpG stimulation lead us to propose that stimulation of these cells by immunostimulatory DNA sequences such as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide during infection may provide a link between infection and ANCA associated vasculitis. This phenomenon may also apply to other antibody mediated autoimmune diseases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-34","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T06:14:32Z","timestamp":1216102472000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulates production of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in ANCA associated vasculitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Plinio R","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Jeffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jodie","family":"Nitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mittal","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghafar","family":"Sarvestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pravin","family":"Hissaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Au Peh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"179_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6342.606","volume":"285","author":"DJ Davies","year":"1982","unstructured":"Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB: Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982, 285: 606-","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"179_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91147-X","volume":"1","author":"FJ van der Woude","year":"1985","unstructured":"van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S, Wiik A, Permin H, van Es LA, van der Giessen M, van der Hem GK, The TH: Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Lancet. 1985, 1: 425-429. 10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91147-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"179_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(88)90169-X","volume":"114","author":"J Ludemann","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ludemann J, Utecht B, Gross WL: Detection and quantitation of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis by ELISA using affinity-purified antigen. J Immunol Methods. 1988, 114: 167-174. 10.1016\/0022-1759(88)90169-X.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"179_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806233182504","volume":"318","author":"RJ Falk","year":"1988","unstructured":"Falk RJ, Jennette JC: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med. 1988, 318: 1651-1657.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"179_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20718","volume":"52","author":"KA Keogh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Keogh KA, Wylam ME, Stone JH, Specks U: Induction of remission by B lymphocyte depletion in eleven patients with refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005, 52: 262-268. 10.1002\/art.20718.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"179_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05434.x","volume":"82","author":"W Egner","year":"1990","unstructured":"Egner W, Chapel HM: Titration of antibodies against neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens is useful in monitoring disease activity in systemic vasculitides. Clin Exp Immunol. 1990, 82: 244-249.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92205-V","volume":"336","author":"JW Tervaert","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tervaert JW, Huitema MG, Hene RJ, Sluiter WJ, The TH, van der Hem GK, Kallenberg CG: Prevention of relapses in Wegener's granulomatosis by treatment based on antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody titre. Lancet. 1990, 336: 709-711. 10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92205-V.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"179_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007010090","volume":"18","author":"DR Jayne","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, Abramowicz D, Ferrario F, Guillevin L, Mirapeix E, Savage CO, Sinico RA, Stegeman CA, Westman KW, van der Woude FJ, de Lind van Wijngaarden RA, Pusey CD: Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high-dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007, 18: 2180-2188. 10.1681\/ASN.2007010090.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"179_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215918","volume":"110","author":"H Xiao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, Liu Z, Zhao M, Aratani Y, Maeda N, Falk RJ, Jennette JC: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest. 2002, 110: 955-963.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"179_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4115","volume":"87","author":"RJ Falk","year":"1990","unstructured":"Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990, 87: 4115-4119. 10.1073\/pnas.87.11.4115.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"179_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.52","volume":"41","author":"BH Ewert","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ewert BH, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies stimulate neutrophils to damage human endothelial cells. Kidney Int. 1992, 41: 375-383. 10.1038\/ki.1992.52.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"179_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90274-O","volume":"14","author":"MJ Mamula","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mamula MJ, Janeway CA: Do B cells drive the diversification of immune responses?. Immunol Today. 1993, 14: 151-2; discussion 153-4. 10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90274-O.","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"179_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.2.371","volume":"189","author":"A Regnault","year":"1999","unstructured":"Regnault A, Lankar D, Lacabanne V, Rodriguez A, Thery C, Rescigno M, Saito T, Verbeek S, Bonnerot C, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Amigorena S: Fcgamma receptor-mediated induction of dendritic cell maturation and major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted antigen presentation after immune complex internalization. J Exp Med. 1999, 189: 371-380. 10.1084\/jem.189.2.371.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"179_CR14","first-page":"202\u201310","volume-title":"Verh Deut Pathol Ges","author":"F Wegener","year":"1936","unstructured":"Wegener F: Ueber generalisierte septische Gef\u00e4\u00dferkrankungen [About generalised septic vascular diseases]. Verh Deut Pathol Ges. 1936, 202\u201310-"},{"key":"179_CR15","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Bietr Pathol Anat","author":"F Wegener","year":"1939","unstructured":"Wegener F: Ueber eine eigernartige rhinogene Granulomatose mit besonderer Beteiligung des Arteriensystems und der Nieren. Bietr Pathol Anat. 1939, 37-68."},{"key":"179_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.771","volume":"42","author":"ER Popa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Popa ER, Tervaert JW: The relation between Staphylococcus aureus and Wegener's granulomatosis: current knowledge and future directions. Intern Med. 2003, 42: 771-780. 10.2169\/internalmedicine.42.771.","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"179_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1007\/s101560170018","volume":"7","author":"O Kobayashi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kobayashi O, Ohtami H, Hellmich B: Anti-MPO-ANCA-positive microscopic polyangiitis following subacute bacterial endocarditis. Journal of Infection & Chemotherapy. 2001, 7: 228-238. 10.1007\/s101560170018.","journal-title":"Journal of Infection & Chemotherapy"},{"key":"179_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318164187a","volume":"14","author":"AM Tiliakos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tiliakos AM, Tiliakos NA: Dual ANCA positivity in subacute bacterial endocarditis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008, 14: 38-40. 10.1097\/RHU.0b013e318164187a.","journal-title":"J Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"179_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.3.270","volume":"37","author":"F Medina","year":"1998","unstructured":"Medina F, Camargo A, Moreno J, Zonana-Nacach A, Aceves-Avila J, Fraga A: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in leprosy. Br J Rheumatol. 1998, 37: 270-273. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/37.3.270.","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"key":"179_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg066","volume":"42","author":"LF Flores-Suarez","year":"2003","unstructured":"Flores-Suarez LF, Cabiedes J, Villa AR, van der Woude FJ, Alcocer-Varela J: Prevalence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies in patients with tuberculosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2003, 42: 223-229. 10.1093\/rheumatology\/keg066.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"179_CR21","first-page":"S89","volume":"21","author":"P Lamprecht","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lamprecht P, Gutzeit O, Csernok E, Gause A, Longombardo G, Zignego AL, Gross WL, Ferri C: Prevalence of ANCA in mixed cryoglobulinemia and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003, 21: S89-94.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"179_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.024877","volume":"64","author":"J Hermann","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hermann J, Demel U, Stunzner D, Daghofer E, Tilz G, Graninger W: Clinical interpretation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: parvovirus B19 infection as a pitfall. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005, 64: 641-643. 10.1136\/ard.2004.024877.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"179_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/nm968","volume":"10","author":"WF Pendergraft 3rd","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pendergraft WF, Preston GA, Shah RR, Tropsha A, Carter CW, Jennette JC, Falk RJ: Autoimmunity is triggered by cPR-3(105-201), a protein complementary to human autoantigen proteinase-3. Nat Med. 2004, 10: 72-79. 10.1038\/nm968.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"179_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126","volume":"21","author":"K Takeda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S: Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003, 21: 335-376. 10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06246","volume":"449","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Medzhitov R: Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature. 2007, 449: 819-826. 10.1038\/nature06246.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"179_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00572.x","volume":"220","author":"AM Krieg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krieg AM, Vollmer J: Toll-like receptors 7, 8, and 9: linking innate immunity to autoimmunity. Immunol Rev. 2007, 220: 251-269. 10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2007.00572.x.","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"179_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.10.5935","volume":"173","author":"V Hornung","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hornung V, Schlender J, Guenthner-Biller M, Rothenfusser S, Endres S, Conzelmann KK, Hartmann G: Replication-dependent potent IFN-alpha induction in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by a single-stranded RNA virus. J Immunol. 2004, 173: 5935-5943.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/374546a0","volume":"374","author":"AM Krieg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Krieg AM, Yi AK, Matson S, Waldschmidt TJ, Bishop GA, Teasdale R, Koretzky GA, Klinman DM: CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature. 1995, 374: 546-549. 10.1038\/374546a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"179_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.009","volume":"26","author":"T Tiller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H: Autoreactivity in human IgG+ memory B cells. Immunity. 2007, 26: 205-213. 10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.009.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"179_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3126::AID-IMMU3126>3.0.CO;2-L","volume":"32","author":"H Leyendeckers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leyendeckers H, Voth E, Schicha H, Hunzelmann N, Banga P, Schmitz J: Frequent detection of thyroid peroxidase-specific IgG+ memory B cells in blood of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Eur J Immunol. 2002, 32: 3126-3132. 10.1002\/1521-4141(200211)32:11<3126::AID-IMMU3126>3.0.CO;2-L.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2007.10.004","volume":"126","author":"MW Nicholas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nicholas MW, Dooley MA, Hogan SL, Anolik J, Looney J, Sanz I, Clarke SH: A novel subset of memory B cells is enriched in autoreactivity and correlates with adverse outcomes in SLE. Clin Immunol. 2008, 126: 189-201. 10.1016\/j.clim.2007.10.004.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22197","volume":"54","author":"ED Papadimitraki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Papadimitraki ED, Choulaki C, Koutala E, Bertsias G, Tsatsanis C, Gergianaki I, Raptopoulou A, Kritikos HD, Mamalaki C, Sidiropoulos P, Boumpas DT: Expansion of toll-like receptor 9-expressing B cells in active systemic lupus erythematosus: implications for the induction and maintenance of the autoimmune process. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 3601-3611. 10.1002\/art.22197.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"179_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1957","volume":"6","author":"A Marshak-Rothstein","year":"2006","unstructured":"Marshak-Rothstein A: Toll-like receptors in systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006, 6: 823-835. 10.1038\/nri1957.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"179_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780331109","volume":"33","author":"B Richardson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Richardson B, Scheinbart L, Strahler J, Gross L, Hanash S, Johnson M: Evidence for impaired T cell DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1990, 33: 1665-1673. 10.1002\/art.1780331109.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"179_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-006-0103-x","volume":"6","author":"I Sekigawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sekigawa I, Kawasaki M, Ogasawara H, Kaneda K, Kaneko H, Takasaki Y, Ogawa H: DNA methylation: its contribution to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med. 2006, 6: 99-106. 10.1007\/s10238-006-0103-x.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"179_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076071","volume":"298","author":"NL Bernasconi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bernasconi NL, Traggiai E, Lanzavecchia A: Maintenance of serological memory by polyclonal activation of human memory B cells. Science. 2002, 298: 2199-2202. 10.1126\/science.1076071.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"179_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, Weinrauch Y, Zychlinsky A: Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004, 303: 1532-1535. 10.1126\/science.1092385.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"179_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","volume":"176","author":"TA Fuchs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, Hurwitz R, Schulze I, Wahn V, Weinrauch Y, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A: Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2007, 176: 231-241. 10.1083\/jcb.200606027.","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"179_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.019","volume":"28","author":"A Chaturvedi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaturvedi A, Dorward D, Pierce SK: The B cell receptor governs the subcellular location of Toll-like receptor 9 leading to hyperresponses to DNA-containing antigens. Immunity. 2008, 28: 799-809. 10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.019.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"179_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030162","volume":"198","author":"J Lund","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lund J, Sato A, Akira S, Medzhitov R, Iwasaki A: Toll-like receptor 9-mediated recognition of Herpes simplex virus-2 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Exp Med. 2003, 198: 513-520. 10.1084\/jem.20030162.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"179_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01494.x","volume":"257","author":"P Eriksson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eriksson P: Nine patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis successfully treated with rituximab. J Intern Med. 2005, 257: 540-548. 10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01494.x.","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"179_CR42","unstructured":"Prism GP: [http:\/\/www.graphpad.com\/prism\/graphing.htm]"}],"container-title":["BMC Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2172-9-34.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T22:00:21Z","timestamp":1630447221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcimmunol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2172-9-34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,14]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2172-9-34","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2172"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2172","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"34"}}