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In the present study for the first time we assessed the ability of\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      CF isolates to adhere to and form biofilm in experimental infection experiments using the CF-derived bronchial epithelial IB3-1cell line. The role of flagella on the adhesiveness of\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      to IB3-1 cell monolayers was also assessed by using\n                      <jats:italic>fliI<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutant derivative strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      CF isolates tested in the present study were able, although at different levels, to adhere to and form biofilm on IB3-1 cell monolayers. Scanning electron and confocal microscopy revealed\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      structures typical of biofilm formation on bronchial IB3-1 cells. The loss of flagella significantly (P &lt; 0.001) decreased bacterial adhesiveness, if compared to that of their parental flagellated strains.\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      CF isolates were also able to invade IB3-1 cells, albeit at a very low level (internalization rate ranged from 0.01 to 4.94%). Pre-exposure of IB3-1 cells to\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      PAO1 significantly increased\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      adhesiveness. Further, the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      negatively influenced\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      PAO1 adhesiveness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The main contribution of the present study is the finding that\n                      <jats:italic>S. maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      is able to form biofilm on and invade CF-derived IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells, thus posing a rationale for the persistence and the systemic spread of this opportunistic pathogen in CF patients. Experiments using\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models which more closely mimic CF pulmonary tissues will certainly be needed to validate the relevance of our results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]],"date-time":"2010-04-07T14:14:20Z","timestamp":1270649660000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Adhesion to and biofilm formation on IB3-1 bronchial cells by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from cystic fibrosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Arianna","family":"Pompilio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Crocetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Confalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Petrucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ersilia","family":"Fiscarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Savini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Piccolomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Bonaventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1058_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00057003","volume":"23","author":"RC Boucher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boucher RC: New concepts of the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis lung disease. 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