{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T23:52:01Z","timestamp":1790898721037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>It is known that insects and crustaceans can carry simultaneous, active infections of two or more viruses without showing signs of disease, but it was not clear whether co-infecting viruses occupied the same cells or different cells in common target tissues. Our previous work showed that successive challenge of mosquito cell cultures followed by serial, split-passage resulted in stabilized cultures with 100% of the cells co-infected with Dengue virus (DEN) and an insect parvovirus (densovirus) (DNV). By addition of Japanese encephalitis virus (JE), we tested our hypothesis that stable, persistent, triple-virus co-infections could be obtained by the same process.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using immunocytochemistry by confocal microscopy, we found that JE super-challenge of cells dually infected with DEN and DNV resulted in stable cultures without signs of cytopathology, and with 99% of the cells producing antigens of the 3 viruses. Location of antigens for all 3 viruses in the triple co-infections was dominant in the cell nuclei. Except for DNV, this differed from the distribution in cells persistently infected with the individual viruses or co-infected with DNV and DEN. The dependence of viral antigen distribution on single infection or co-infection status suggested that host cells underwent an adaptive process to accommodate 2 or more viruses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Individual mosquito cells can accommodate at least 3 viruses simultaneously in an adaptive manner. The phenomenon provides an opportunity for genetic exchange between diverse viruses and it may have important medical and veterinary implications for arboviruses.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,21]],"date-time":"2010-01-21T17:04:31Z","timestamp":1264093471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Persistent, triple-virus co-infections in mosquito cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nipaporn","family":"Kanthong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuanpan","family":"Khemnu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa-Nga","family":"Pattanakitsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prida","family":"Malasit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy W","family":"Flegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.02.008","volume":"32","author":"N Kantong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kantong N, Khemnu N, Sriurairatana S, Pattanakitsakul S, Malasit P, Flegel TW: Mosquito cells accommodate balanced, persistent co-infections with a densovirus and Dengue virus. 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Marine Biotechnol. 2010,"},{"key":"970_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1982.31.830","volume":"31","author":"EA Henchal","year":"1982","unstructured":"Henchal EA, Gentry MK, McCown JM, Brandt WE: Dengue virus-specific and flavivirus group determinants identified with monoclonal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. 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