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Moreover, recent reports indicate a potential pathogenic role for <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in cystic fibrosis lung disease, where an increased sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in airway surface liquid has been proposed. These observations raise the possibility that high salinity may represent a favorable niche for <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. We therefore investigated the global transcriptional response of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> to increased salinity using microarray analysis.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Transcriptome analysis of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> under salt stress revealed several genes significantly up-regulated in the presence of 320 mM NaCl including genes associated with the <jats:italic>bsa<\/jats:italic>-derived Type III secretion system (T3SS). Microarray data were verified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression and secretion of the invasion-associated type III secreted proteins BipD and BopE in <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> cultures at 170 and 320 mM NaCl relative to salt-free medium. Furthermore, salt-treated <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> exhibited greater invasion efficiency into the lung epithelial cell line A549 in a manner partly dependent on a functional Bsa system.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> responds to salt stress by modulating the transcription of a relatively small set of genes, among which is the <jats:italic>bsa<\/jats:italic> locus associated with invasion and virulence. Expression and secretion of Bsa-secreted proteins was elevated in the presence of exogenous salt and the invasion efficiency was enhanced. Our data indicate that salinity has the potential to influence the virulence of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,2]],"date-time":"2010-07-02T18:14:31Z","timestamp":1278094471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Global transcriptional profiling of Burkholderia pseudomallei under salt stress reveals differential effects on the Bsa type III secretion system"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pornpan","family":"Pumirat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Cuccui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A","family":"Stabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne M","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veerachat","family":"Muangsombut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekapot","family":"Singsuksawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan W","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunee","family":"Korbsrisate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1127_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13374-0","volume":"361","author":"NJ White","year":"2003","unstructured":"White NJ: Melioidosis. 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