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Earlier we reported the protective efficacy of cationic liposome-associated<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>promastigote antigens (LAg) against experimental VL. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of two very promising adjuvants, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) plus trehalose dicorynomycolate (TDM) with cationic liposomes, in combination with LAg, to confer protection against murine VL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All the three formulations afforded significant protection against<jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>in both the visceral organs, liver and spleen. Although comparable level of protection was observed in BCG+LAg and MPL-TDM+LAg immunized mice, highest level of protection was exhibited by the liposomal LAg immunized group. Significant increase in anti-LAg IgG levels were detected in both MPL-TDM+LAg and liposomal LAg immunized animals with higher levels of IgG2a than IgG1. But BCG+LAg failed to induce any antibody response. As an index of cell-mediated immunity DTH responses were measured and significant response was observed in mice vaccinated with all the three different formulations. However, highest responses were observed with liposomal vaccine immunization. Comparative evaluation of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 responses in immunized mice revealed that MPL-TDM+LAg group produced the highest level of IFN-\u03b3 but lowest IL-4 level, while BCG+LAg demonstrated generation of suboptimum levels of both IFN-\u03b3 and IL-4 response. Elicitation of moderate levels of prechallenge IFN-\u03b3 along with optimum IL-4 corresponds with successful vaccination with liposomal LAg.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This comparative study reveals greater effectiveness of the liposomal vaccine for protection against progressive VL in BALB\/c. Again, evaluation of the immune responses by vaccination emphasizes the need of stimulation of potent cellular immunity based on both Th1 and Th2 cell responses to confer protection against VL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T11:44:41Z","timestamp":1335872681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Comparison of BCG, MPL and cationic liposome adjuvant systems in leishmanial antigen vaccine formulations against murine visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Ravindran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudipta","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amrita","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Desjeux P: Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. 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