{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:42:28Z","timestamp":1773283348150,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Typhoid and paratyphoid fever are endemic in China. The objective of this investigation was to determine the molecular features of nalidixic acid-resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella enteric<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>) and Paratyphi (<jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic>) from blood isolates in Shenzhen, China.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twenty-five <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> and 66 <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> were isolated from 91 bacteriemic patients between 2002 and 2007 at a hospital in Shenzhen, Southern China. Fifty-two percent (13\/25) of <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> and 95.3% (61\/64) of <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A were resistant to nalidixic acid. Sixty-seven isolates of nalidixic acid-resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (NARS) showed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs of 0.125-1 \u03bcg\/mL). All 75 NARS isolates had a single substitution in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of GyrA (Ser83\u2192Phe\/Pro\/Tyr, or Asp87\u2192Gly\/Asn), and 90.7% of these isolates carried the substitution Ser83Phe in GyrA. No mutation was found in the QRDR of <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>. Plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes including <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aac(6')-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic> were not detected in any isolate. Twenty-two distinct pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were observed among <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>. Sixty-four isolates of <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A belonged to one clone. Eighty-seven investigated inpatients were infected in the community. Six patients infected by <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A had a travel history before infection.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Nalidixic acid-resistant <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A blood isolates were highly prevalent in Shenzhen, China. PFGE showed the variable genetic diversity of nalidixic acid-resistant <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> and limited genetic diversity of nalidixic acid -resistant <jats:italic>S. paratyphi<\/jats:italic> A.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-32","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,30]],"date-time":"2010-01-30T07:15:07Z","timestamp":1264835707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Genetic Diversity of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi and Paratyphi in Shenzhen, China from 2002 through 2007"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Weiyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuemei","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"988_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","volume":"347","author":"CM Parry","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar JJ: Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 1770-82. 10.1056\/NEJMra020201.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"988_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.014","volume":"98","author":"CM Parry","year":"2004","unstructured":"Parry CM: The treatment of multidrug resistant and nalidixic acid resistant typhoid fever in Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004, 98: 413-22. 10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.014.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"988_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1086\/505397","volume":"43","author":"K Gay","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gay K, Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Park CH, Jacoby G, Barrett TJ, Medalla F, Chiller TM, Hooper DC: Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Clin Infect Dis. 2006, 43: 297-304. 10.1086\/505397.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"988_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01099-08","volume":"47","author":"S Xia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Xia S, Hendriksen RS, Xie Z, Huang L, Zhang J, Guo W, Xu B, Ran L, Aarestrup FM: Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella from infections in humans in Henan province, China. J Clin Microbio. 2009, 47: 401-9. 10.1128\/JCM.01099-08.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbio"},{"key":"988_CR5","volume-title":"Approved standard M7-A7","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically. Approved standard M7-A7. 2006, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA, 7","edition":"7"},{"key":"988_CR6","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 17th informational supplement. CLSI M100-S17","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2007","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 17th informational supplement. CLSI M100-S17. 2007, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA"},{"key":"988_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1086\/516128","volume":"25","author":"J Wain","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wain J, Hoa NTT, Chinh NT, Vinh H, Everett MJ, Diep TS, Day NPJ, Solomon T, White NJ, Piddock LJV, Parry CM: Quinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi in Vietnam: Molecular basis of resistance and clinical response to treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 1997, 25: 1404-10. 10.1086\/516128.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"988_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01647-05","volume":"50","author":"A Robicsek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Sahm DF, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC: qnr prevalence in ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006, 50: 2872-4. 10.1128\/AAC.01647-05.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00915-06","volume":"50","author":"CH Park","year":"2006","unstructured":"Park CH, Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Sahm DF, Hooper DC: Prevalence in the United States of aac(6')-Ib-cr encoding a ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006, 50: 3953-5. 10.1128\/AAC.00915-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.9.2131","volume":"43","author":"E Giraud","year":"1999","unstructured":"Giraud E, Brisabois A, Martel JL, Chaslus-Dancla E: Comparative studies of mutations in animal isolates and experimental in vitro and in vivo-selected mutants of Salmonella spp. suggest a counterselection of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant strains in the field. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999, 43: 2131-7.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki166","volume":"56","author":"JD Pitout","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pitout JD, Nordmann P, Laupland KB, Poirel L: Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extend-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL) in the community. J Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005, 56: 52-9. 10.1093\/jac\/dki166.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.07.004","volume":"23","author":"CJ Munday","year":"2004","unstructured":"Munday CJ, Xiong J, Li C, Shen D, Hawkey PM: Dissemination of CTX-M type beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae isolates in the People's Republic of China. Inter J Antimicrob Agents. 2004, 23: 175-80. 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2003.07.004.","journal-title":"Inter J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"988_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2034-2038.2000","volume":"44","author":"LK Siu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Siu LK, Lo JYC, Yuen KY, Chau PY, Ng MH, Ho PL: beta-lactamases in Shigella flexneri isolates from Hong Kong and Shanghai and a novel OXA-1-like beta-lactamase, OXA-30. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000, 44: 2034-8. 10.1128\/AAC.44.8.2034-2038.2000.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2684-2688.2000","volume":"44","author":"MC Ploy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ploy MC, Denis F, Courvalin P, Lambert T: Molecular characterization of integrons in Acinetobacter baumannii: description of a hybrid Class 2 Integron. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000, 44: 2684-8. 10.1128\/AAC.44.10.2684-2688.2000.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1045-1050.2005","volume":"43","author":"SB Hunter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hunter SB, Vauterin P, Lambert-Fair MA, Duyne MSV, Kubota K, Graves L, Wrigley D, Barrett T, Ribot E: Establishment of a Universal Size Standard Strain for Use with the PulseNet Standardized Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Protocols: Converting the National Databases to the New Size Standard. J Clin Microbiol. 2005, 43: 1045-50. 10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1045-1050.2005.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"988_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.9.2233-2239.1995","volume":"33","author":"FC Tenover","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, Swaminathan B: Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol. 1995, 33: 2233-9.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"988_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00294-07","volume":"51","author":"TT Chau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chau TT, Campbell JI, Galindo CM, Van Minh Hoang N, Diep TS, Nga TT, Van Vinh Chau N, Tuan PQ, Page AL, Ochiai RL, Schultsz C, Wain J, Bhutta ZA, Parry CM, Bhattacharya SK, Dutta S, Agtini M, Dong B, Yang H, Anh DD, Canh do G, Naheed A, Albert MJ, Phetsouvanh R, Newton PN, Basnyat B, Arjyal A, La TT, Rang NN, Phuong le T, Van Be Bay P, von Seidlein L, Dougan G, Clemens JD, Vinh H, Hien TT, Chinh NT, Acosta CJ, Farrar J, Dolecek C: Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 4315-23. 10.1128\/AAC.00294-07.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"988_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00948-07","volume":"45","author":"TAH Le","year":"2007","unstructured":"Le TAH, Fabre L, Roumagnac P, Grimont PAD, Scavizzi MR, Weill FX: Clonal expansion and microevolution of quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi in Vietnam from 1996 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol. 2007, 45: 3485-92. 10.1128\/JCM.00948-07.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"988_CR19","first-page":"177","volume":"4","author":"J Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang J, Dong B, Wang M, Tang Z, Gong J, Li C, Zeng J, Yang H: Analysis of prevalent status of paratyphoid A and typhoid in Guangxi Autonomous Region in 1994-2002. China Trop Med. 2004, 4: 177-9.","journal-title":"China Trop Med"},{"key":"988_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1086\/587894","volume":"46","author":"SK Gupta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gupta SK, Medalla F, Omondi MW, Whichard JM, Fields PI, Gerner-Smidt P, Patel NJ, Cooper KLF, Chiller TM, Mintz ED: Laboratory-based surveillance of paratyphoid fever in the United States: travel and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2008, 46: 1656-63. 10.1086\/587894.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"988_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980348","volume":"4","author":"KL Thong","year":"1998","unstructured":"Thong KL, Nair S, Chaudhry R, Seth P, Kapil A, Kumar D, Kapoor H, Puthucheary S, Pang T: Molecular analysis of Salmonella Paratyphi A from an outbreak in New Delhi, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998, 4: 507-8. 10.3201\/eid0403.980348.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"988_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01655.x","volume":"92","author":"YL Goh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goh YL, Puthucheary SD, Chaudhry R, Bhutta ZA, Lesmana M, Oyofo BA, Punjabi NH, Ahmed A, Thong KL: Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A from different geographical regions in Asia. J Appl Microbiol. 2002, 92: 1167-71. 10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2002.01655.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"988_CR23","first-page":"421","volume":"69","author":"CW Woods","year":"2003","unstructured":"Woods CW, Murdoch DR, Zimmerman MD: Genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi and Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi from Nepal [abstract]. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003, 69 (Suppl): 421-","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2180-10-32.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T06:07:58Z","timestamp":1630476478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-10-32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,12]]}},"alternative-id":["988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-10-32","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2009","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2010","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2010","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"32"}}