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In contrast, two related species, <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. oklahomensis<\/jats:italic>, are highly attenuated in mice. Our aim was to determine whether virulence in mice is reflected in macrophage or wax moth larvae (<jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>) infection models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> strains 576 and K96243, which have low median lethal dose (MLD) values in mice, were able to replicate and induce cellular damage in macrophages and caused rapid death of <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> strain 708a, which is attenuated in mice, showed reduced replication in macrophages, negligible cellular damage and was avirulent in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae. <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic> isolates were less virulent than <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in all of the models tested. However, we did record strain dependent differences. <jats:italic>B. oklahomensis<\/jats:italic> isolates were the least virulent isolates. They showed minimal ability to replicate in macrophages, were unable to evoke actin-based motility or to form multinucleated giant cells and were markedly attenuated in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> compared to <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We have shown that the alternative infection models tested here, namely macrophages and <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic>, are able to distinguish between strains of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. oklahomensis<\/jats:italic> and that these differences reflect the observed virulence in murine infection models. Our results indicate that <jats:italic>B. oklahomensis<\/jats:italic> is the least pathogenic of the species investigated. They also show a correlation between isolates of <jats:italic>B. thailandensis<\/jats:italic> associated with human infection and virulence in macrophage and <jats:italic>Galleria<\/jats:italic> infection models.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-11","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]],"date-time":"2011-02-08T15:43:59Z","timestamp":1297179839000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Macrophage and Galleria mellonella infection models reflect the virulence of naturally occurring isolates of B. pseudomallei, B. thailandensis and B. oklahomensis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matthew E","family":"Wand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia M","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W","family":"Titball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L","family":"Michell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1298_CR1","first-page":"143","volume":"1","author":"DA Dance","year":"1990","unstructured":"Dance DA: Melioidosis. 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