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As the carrier for target gene(s), the cargo plasmid should be stable in the bacterial vector. Plasmid recombination has been reduced in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> by mutating several genes including the <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>recE<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>recJ<\/jats:italic>. However, to our knowledge, there have been no published studies of the effect of these or any other genes that play a role in plasmid recombination in <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The effect of <jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>recJ<\/jats:italic> deletions on DNA recombination was examined in three serotypes of <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>. We found that (1) intraplasmid recombination between direct duplications was RecF-independent in Typhimurium and Paratyphi A, but could be significantly reduced in Typhi by a \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> or \u0394<jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> mutation; (2) in all three <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serotypes, both \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> mutations reduced intraplasmid recombination when a 1041 bp intervening sequence was present between the duplications; (3) \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> mutations resulted in lower frequencies of interplasmid recombination in Typhimurium and Paratyphi A, but not in Typhi; (4) in some cases, a \u0394<jats:italic>recJ<\/jats:italic> mutation could reduce plasmid recombination but was less effective than \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> mutations. We also examined chromosome-related recombination. The frequencies of intrachromosomal recombination and plasmid integration into the chromosome were 2 and 3 logs lower than plasmid recombination frequencies in Rec<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> strains. A \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> mutation reduced both intrachromosomal recombination and plasmid integration frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The \u0394<jats:italic>recA<\/jats:italic> and \u0394<jats:italic>recF<\/jats:italic> mutations can reduce plasmid recombination frequencies in <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>, but the effect can vary between serovars. This information will be useful for developing <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> delivery vectors able to stably maintain plasmid cargoes for vaccine development and gene therapy.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T19:17:10Z","timestamp":1299093430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Improving Salmonella vector with recmutation to stabilize the DNA cargoes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Young","family":"Wanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Brenneman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Roy","family":"Curtiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1317_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00231-5","volume":"17","author":"MM Levine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Abrego P, Martin OS, Ortiz E, Cryz S: Duration of efficacy of Ty21a, attenuated Salmonella Typhi live oral vaccine. 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