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This region, which is thought to have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer, includes 5 transcriptional units, two monocistronic (<jats:italic>argK, phtL<\/jats:italic>) and three polycistronic (<jats:italic>phtA, phtD, phtM<\/jats:italic>), whose expression is temperature dependent. So far, the regulatory mechanisms involved in phaseolotoxin synthesis have not been elucidated and the only well-established fact is the requirement of low temperatures for its synthesis. In this work, we searched for regulatory proteins that could be involved in phaseolotoxin synthesis, focusing on the regulation of the <jats:italic>phtD<\/jats:italic> operon.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In this study we identified the global regulator IHF (Integration Host Factor), which binds to the promoter region of the <jats:italic>phtD<\/jats:italic> operon, exerting a negative effect on the expression of this operon. This is the first regulatory protein identified as part of the phaseolotoxin synthesis system. Our findings suggest that the Pht cluster was similarly regulated in the ancestral cluster by IHF or similar protein, and integrated into the global regulatory mechanism of <jats:italic>P. syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. phaseolicola, after the horizontal gene transfer event by using the host IHF protein.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study identifies the IHF protein as one element involved in the regulation of phaseolotoxin synthesis in <jats:italic>P. syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. phaseolicola NPS3121 and provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms involved in phaseolotoxin production.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-90","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]],"date-time":"2011-05-04T18:27:38Z","timestamp":1304533658000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Integration Host Factor (IHF) binds to the promoter region of the phtD operon involved in phaseolotoxin synthesis in P. syringaepv. phaseolicola NPS3121"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jackeline Lizzeta","family":"Arvizu-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Pastor-Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis G","family":"Brieba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariel","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1382_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/260075a0","volume":"260","author":"RE Mitchell","year":"1976","unstructured":"Mitchell RE: Bean halo-blight toxin. 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