{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:19:35Z","timestamp":1793441975699,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, a significant nosocomial pathogen, has evolved resistance to almost all conventional antimicrobial drugs. Bacteriophage therapy is a potential alternative treatment for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, one lytic bacteriophage, ZZ1, which infects<jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>and has a broad host range, was selected for characterization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phage ZZ1 and 3 of its natural hosts,<jats:italic>A. baumanni<\/jats:italic>clinical isolates AB09V, AB0902, and AB0901, are described in this study. The 3 strains have different sensitivities to ZZ1, but they have the same sensitivity to antibiotics. They are resistant to almost all of the antibiotics tested, except for polymyxin. Several aspects of the life cycle of ZZ1 were investigated using the sensitive strain AB09V under optimal growth conditions. ZZ1 is highly infectious with a short latent period (9\u2009min) and a large burst size (200 PFU\/cell). It exhibited the most powerful antibacterial activity at temperatures ranging from 35\u00b0C to 39\u00b0C. Moreover, when ZZ1 alone was incubated at different pHs and different temperatures, the phage was stable over a wide pH range (4 to 9) and at extreme temperatures (between 50\u00b0C and 60\u00b0C). ZZ1 possesses a 100-nm icosahedral head containing double-stranded DNA with a total length of 166,682\u2009bp and a 120-nm long contractile tail. Morphologically, it could be classified as a member of the<jats:italic>Myoviridae<\/jats:italic>family and the<jats:italic>Caudovirales<\/jats:italic>order. Bioinformatic analysis of the phage whole genome sequence further suggested that ZZ1 was more likely to be a new member of the<jats:italic>Myoviridae<\/jats:italic>phages. Most of the predicted ORFs of the phage were similar to the predicted ORFs from other<jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>phages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The phage ZZ1 has a relatively broad lytic spectrum, high pH stability, strong heat resistance, and efficient antibacterial potential at body temperature. These characteristics greatly increase the utility of this phage as an antibacterial agent; thus, it should be further investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]],"date-time":"2012-07-28T13:37:41Z","timestamp":1343482661000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Isolation and characterization of ZZ1, a novel lytic phage that infects Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan-Mei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"De-Hai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Yun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Dong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1691_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01054-8","volume":"5","author":"PA Barrow","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barrow PA, Soothill JS: Bacteriophage therapy and prophylaxis: Rediscovery and renewed assessment of potential. Trends Microbiol. 1997, 5: 268-271. 10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01054-8.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR2","first-page":"267","volume":"47","author":"RM Carlton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carlton RM: Phage therapy: Past history and future prospects. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 1999, 47: 267-274.","journal-title":"Arch Immunol Ther Exp"},{"key":"1691_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1111","volume":"2","author":"C Merril","year":"2003","unstructured":"Merril C, Scholl D, Adhya SL: The prospect for bacteriophage therapy in Western medicine. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003, 2: 489-497. 10.1038\/nrd1111.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"1691_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7552","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01709-08","volume":"74","author":"P Garcia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garcia P, Monjardin C, Martin R, Madera C, Soberon N, Garcia E, Meana A, Suarez JE: Isolation of New Stenotrophomonas Bacteriophages and Genomic Characterization of Temperate Phage S1. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008, 74: 7552-7560. 10.1128\/AEM.01709-08.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.437","volume":"55","author":"WC Summers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Summers WC: Bacteriophage therapy. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2001, 55: 437-451. 10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.437.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2874-2878.2005","volume":"49","author":"A Bruttin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bruttin A, Brussow H: Human volunteers receiving Escherichia coli phage T4 orally: a safety test of phage therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005, 49: 2874-2878. 10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2874-2878.2005.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1691_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01513-06","volume":"51","author":"R Capparelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Capparelli R, Parlato M, Borriello G, Salvatore P, Iannelli D: Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 2765-2773. 10.1128\/AAC.01513-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1691_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01646-08","volume":"53","author":"Y-J Heo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heo Y-J, Lee Y-R, Jung H-H, Lee J, Ko G, Cho Y-H: Antibacterial Efficacy of Phages against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Mice and Drosophila melanogaster. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009, 53: 2469-2474. 10.1128\/AAC.01646-08.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1691_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01028-06","volume":"51","author":"CS McVay","year":"2007","unstructured":"McVay CS, Velasquez M, Fralick JA: Phage therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn wound model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 1934-1938. 10.1128\/AAC.01028-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1691_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.2.148","volume":"9","author":"E BergogneBerezin","year":"1996","unstructured":"BergogneBerezin E, Towner KJ: Acinetobacter spp, as nosocomial pathogens: Microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological features. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996, 9: 148-165.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1691_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3505-3507.2000","volume":"38","author":"A Tsakris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tsakris A, Pantazi A, Pournaras S, Maniatis A, Polyzou A, Sofianou D: Pseudo-outbreak of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii resulting from false susceptibility testing by a rapid automated system. Clin Microbiol. 2000, 38: 3505-3507.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-07","volume":"21","author":"AY Peleg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL: Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a successful pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008, 21: 538-582. 10.1128\/CMR.00058-07.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"1691_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01464-06","volume":"51","author":"F Perez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Perez F, Hujer AM, Hujer KM, Decker BK, Rather PN, Bonomo RA: Global challenge of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007, 51: 3471-3484. 10.1128\/AAC.01464-06.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1691_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1789","volume":"5","author":"L Dijkshoorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dijkshoorn L, Nemec A, Seifert H: An increasing threat in hospitals: multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007, 5: 939-951. 10.1038\/nrmicro1789.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000171920.44809.f0","volume":"18","author":"S Navon-Venezia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Navon-Venezia S, Ben-Ami R, Carmeli Y: Update on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections in the healthcare setting. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005, 18: 306-313. 10.1097\/01.qco.0000171920.44809.f0.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1691_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01310019","volume":"135","author":"HW Ackermann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Ackermann HW, Brochu G, Konjin HPE: Classification Of Acinetobacter Phages. Arch Virol. 1994, 135: 345-354. 10.1007\/BF01310019.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"1691_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-83-6-1523","volume":"83","author":"J Klovins","year":"2002","unstructured":"Klovins J, Overbeek GP, van den Worm SHE, Ackermann HW, van Duin J: Nucleotide sequence of a ssRNA phage from Acinetobacter: kinship to coliphages. J Gen Virol. 2002, 83: 1523-1533.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"1691_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-292","volume":"7","author":"VM Petrov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petrov VM, Ratnayaka S, Nolan JM, Miller ES, Karam JD: Genomes of the T4-related bacteriophages as windows on microbial genome evolution. Virol J. 2010, 7: 292-10.1186\/1743-422X-7-292.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"1691_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)92874-2","volume":"36","author":"J Alisky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Alisky J, Iczkowski K, Rapoport A, Troitsky N: Bacteriophages show promise as antimicrobial agents. J Infect. 1998, 36: 5-15. 10.1016\/S0163-4453(98)92874-2.","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1691_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2010.03.007","volume":"161","author":"NT Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin NT, Chiou PY, Chang KC, Chen LK, Lai MJ: Isolation and characterization of phi AB2: a novel bacteriophage of Acinetobacter baumannii. Res Microbiol. 2010, 161: 308-314. 10.1016\/j.resmic.2010.03.007.","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-37-4-258","volume":"37","author":"JS Soothill","year":"1992","unstructured":"Soothill JS: Treatment of experimental infections of mice with bacteriophages. J Med Microbiol. 1992, 37: 258-261. 10.1099\/00222615-37-4-258.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.12.3677-3686.2004","volume":"186","author":"S Chibani-Chennoufi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chibani-Chennoufi S, Bruttin A, Dillmann ML, Brussow H: Phage-host interaction: an ecological perspective. J Bacteriol. 2004, 186: 3677-3686. 10.1128\/JB.186.12.3677-3686.2004.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"1691_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-10","volume":"10","author":"HJ Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang HJ, Liang L, Lin SX, Jia SR: Isolation and Characterization of a Virulent Bacteriophage AB1 of Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol. 2010, 10: 10-10.1186\/1471-2180-10-10.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.1.393-403.2004","volume":"70","author":"T Nakagawa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nakagawa T, Ishibashi JI, Maruyama A, Yamanaka T, Morimoto Y, Kimura H, Urabe T, Fukui M: Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16\u2009S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Western Pacific. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004, 70: 393-403. 10.1128\/AEM.70.1.393-403.2004.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.6966","volume-title":"Bacteriophages","author":"MH Adams","year":"1959","unstructured":"Adams MH: Bacteriophages. 1959, Interscience, New York"},{"key":"1691_CR26","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual","author":"TSJ Maniatis","year":"1982","unstructured":"Maniatis TSJ, Fritsch EF: Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 1982, Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY"},{"key":"1691_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.535-542.1998","volume":"64","author":"SC Jiang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jiang SC, Kellogg CA, Paul JH: Characterization of marine temperate phage-host systems isolated from Mamala Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998, 64: 535-542.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-009-9430-y","volume":"59","author":"V Verma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Verma V, Harjai K, Chhibber S: Characterization of a T7-like lytic bacteriophage of Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055: a potential therapeutic agent. Curr Microbiol. 2009, 59: 274-281. 10.1007\/s00284-009-9430-y.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01525.x","volume":"38","author":"ML Capra","year":"2004","unstructured":"Capra ML, Quiberoni A, Reinheimer JA: Thermal and chemical resistance of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei bacteriophages. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2004, 38: 499-504. 10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01525.x.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1691_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp383","volume":"25","author":"N Whiteford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whiteford N, Skelly T, Curtis C, Ritchie ME, Lohr A, Zaranek AW, Abnizova I, Brown C: Swift: primary data analysis for the Illumina Solexa sequencing platform. Bioinformatics. 2009, 25: 2194-2199. 10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp383.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-156.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T19:26:10Z","timestamp":1687634770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 January 2012","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2012","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 July 2012","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"156"}}