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Our study explores treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an innovative antimicrobial technology that employs a nontoxic dye, termed a photosensitizer (PS), followed by irradiation with harmless visible light. After photoactivation, the PS produces either singlet oxygen or other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that primarily react with the pathogen cell wall, promoting permeabilization of the membrane and cell death. The emergence of antifungal-resistant <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains has motivated the study of antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) as an alternative treatment of these infections. We employed the invertebrate wax moth <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> as an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model to study the effects of aPDT against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> infection. The effects of aPDT combined with conventional antifungal drugs were also evaluated in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We verified that methylene blue-mediated aPDT prolonged the survival of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> infected <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae. The fungal burden of <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> hemolymph was reduced after aPDT in infected larvae. A fluconazole-resistant <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> strain was used to test the combination of aPDT and fluconazole. Administration of fluconazole either before or after exposing the larvae to aPDT significantly prolonged the survival of the larvae compared to either treatment alone.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mellonella<\/jats:italic> is a useful <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> model to evaluate aPDT as a treatment regimen for <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections. The data suggests that combined aPDT and antifungal therapy could be an alternative approach to antifungal-resistant <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T15:05:12Z","timestamp":1380639912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Selective photoinactivation of Candida albicans in the non-vertebrate host infection model Galleria mellonella"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Chibebe Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caetano P","family":"Sabino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojiang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana C","family":"Junqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth B","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio OC","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George P","family":"Tegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2089_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2010.03.005","volume":"99","author":"Y Chabrier-Rosello","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chabrier-Rosello Y, Giesselman BR, De Jesus-Andino FJ, Foster TH, Mitra S, Haidaris CG: Inhibition of electron transport chain assembly and function promotes photodynamic killing of Candida. 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