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During the process of analyzing the <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic> genome, a complete urease cassette and two adjacent <jats:italic>arc<\/jats:italic> gene cassettes were found. We hypothesize that the urease cassette and\/or the <jats:italic>arc<\/jats:italic> gene cassettes are important for <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic> to survive in acidic environment and macrophages. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by constructing single, double and triple non-polar deletion mutants of the urease and two <jats:italic>arc<\/jats:italic> gene cassettes of <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic> using the conjugation-mediated gene deletion system and examining their effects in acidic environment <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, in macrophages and in a mouse model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic>, HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureC<\/jats:italic>, HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureD<\/jats:italic> and HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureE<\/jats:italic> all exhibited no urease activity. HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA1<\/jats:italic> and HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA2<\/jats:italic> both exhibited arginine deiminase (ADI) activities, but HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> double deletion mutant exhibited no ADI activity. At pH 2 and 3, survival of HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> and HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA\/arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> were markedly decreased (p &lt; 0.001) but that of HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic> was slightly decreased (p &lt; 0.05), compared to wild type <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic> HLHK9. Survival of HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA\/arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> and HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> in macrophages were also markedly decreased (p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.01 respectively) but that of HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic> was slightly decreased (p &lt; 0.05), compared to HLHK9, although expression of <jats:italic>arcA1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>arcA2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic> genes were all upregulated. Using a mouse model, HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic> exhibited similar survival compared to HLHK9 after passing through the murine stomach, but survival of HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> and HLHK9\u2206<jats:italic>ureA\/arcA1\/arcA2<\/jats:italic> were markedly reduced (p &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In contrast to other important gastrointestinal tract pathogens, ADI pathway is far more important than urease for acid resistance and intracellular survival in <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic>. The gene duplication of the <jats:italic>arc<\/jats:italic> gene cassettes could be a result of their functional importance in <jats:italic>L. hongkongensis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-42","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]],"date-time":"2014-02-17T18:44:29Z","timestamp":1392662669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Arginine deiminase pathway is far more important than urease for acid resistance and intracellular survival in Laribacter hongkongensis: a possible result of arc gene cassette duplication"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade LL","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory M","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna KP","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick CY","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.12.4227-4232.2001","volume":"39","author":"KY Yuen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yuen KY, Woo PC, Teng JL, Leung KW, Wong MK, Lau SK: Laribacter hongkongensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gram-negative bacterium isolated from a cirrhotic patient with bacteremia and empyema. 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