{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T21:56:01Z","timestamp":1792706161212,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis is associated with the highest mortality among bacterial meningitis and it may also lead to neurological sequelae despite the use of antibiotic therapy. Experimental animal models of pneumococcal meningitis are important to study the pathogenesis of meningitis, the host immune response induced after infection, and the efficacy of novel drugs and vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>In the present work, we describe in detail a simple, reproducible and efficient method to induce pneumococcal meningitis in outbred mice by using the intracranial subarachnoidal route of infection. Bacteria were injected into the subarachnoid space through a soft point located 3.5 mm rostral from the bregma. The model was tested with several doses of pneumococci of three capsular serotypes (2, 3 and 4), and mice survival was recorded. Lethal doses killing 50 % of animals infected with type 2, 3 and 4 <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were 3.2 \u00d7 10, 2.9 \u00d7 10 and 1.9 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> colony forming units, respectively. Characterisation of the disease caused by the type 4 strain showed that in moribund mice systemic dissemination of pneumococci to blood and spleen occurred. Histological analysis of the brain of animals infected with type 4 <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> proved the induction of meningitis closely resembling the disease in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                        <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                        <jats:p>The proposed method for inducing pneumococcal meningitis in outbred mice is easy-to-perform, fast, cost-effective, and reproducible, irrespective of the serotype of pneumococci used.<\/jats:p>\n                     <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-4-36","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,28]],"date-time":"2004-09-28T06:24:05Z","timestamp":1096352645000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Method for inducing experimental pneumococcal meningitis in outbred mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Damiana","family":"Chiavolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Tripodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Parigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco R","family":"Oggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Blasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Cintorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"134_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70093-3","volume":"13","author":"SL Leib","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leib SL, Tauber MG: Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1999, 13: 527-548.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"134_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00450-4","volume":"2","author":"U Koedel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koedel U, Scheld W, Pfister H-W: Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002, 2: 721-736. 10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00450-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1086\/344229","volume":"186","author":"D van de Beek","year":"2002","unstructured":"van de Beek D, Schmand B, de Gans J, Weisfelt M, Vaessen H, Dankert J, Vermeulen M: Cognitive impairment in adults with good recovery after bacterial meningitis. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 1047-1052. 10.1086\/344229.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-2-98","volume":"51","author":"S Obaro","year":"2002","unstructured":"Obaro S, Adegbola R: The pneumococcus: carriage, disease and conjugate vaccines. J Med Microbiol. 2002, 51: 98-104.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"134_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2235844100","volume":"100","author":"FW Van Ginkel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van Ginkel FW, McGhee JR, Watt JM, Campos-Torres A, Parish LA, Briles DE: Pneumococcal carriage results in ganglioside-mediated olfactory tissue infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 14363-14367. 10.1073\/pnas.2235844100.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"134_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.5.733","volume":"34","author":"YH Tsai","year":"1990","unstructured":"Tsai YH, Bies M, Leitner F, Kessler RE: Therapeutic studies of cefepime (BMY 28142) in murine meningitis and pharmacokinetics in neonatal rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990, 34: 733-738.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1990.148","volume":"10","author":"HW Pfister","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pfister HW, Koedel U, Haberl RL, Dirnagl U, Feiden W, Ruckdeschel G, Einhaupl KM: Microvascular changes during the early phase of experimental bacterial meningitis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1990, 10: 914-922.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"134_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.2.615-620.2000","volume":"68","author":"SL Leib","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leib SL, Leppert D, Clements J, Tauber MG: Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to brain damage in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun. 2000, 68: 615-620. 10.1128\/IAI.68.2.615-620.2000.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6095","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6095-6100.2003","volume":"71","author":"RA Hirst","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hirst RA, Gosai B, Rutman A, Andrew PW, O'Callaghan C: Streptococcus pneumoniae damages the ciliated ependyma of the brain during meningitis. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 6095-6100. 10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6095-6100.2003.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.6.4.437","volume":"6","author":"RG Dacey","year":"1974","unstructured":"Dacey RG, Sande MA: Effect of probenecid on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1974, 6: 437-441.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548709032409","volume":"19","author":"L Lindquist","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lindquist L, Lundbergh P, Hedstrom KG, Hansson LO, Hultman : Experimental bacterial meningitis in the rabbit: cerebrospinal fluid changes and its relation to leukocyte response. Scand J Infect Dis. 1987, 19: 263-270.","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.5541011206","volume":"101","author":"S Bhatt","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bhatt S, Halpin C, Hsu W, Thedinger BA, Levine RA, Tuomanen E, Nadol JBJ: Hearing loss and pneumococcal meningitis: an animal model. Laryngoscope. 1991, 101: 1285-1292.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"134_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.5.1186","volume":"38","author":"R Nau","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nau R, Kaye K, Sachdeva M, Sande ER, Tauber MG: Rifampin for therapy of experimental pneumococcal meningitis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994, 38: 1186-1189.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.6.1207","volume":"164","author":"AF Rodriguez","year":"1991","unstructured":"Rodriguez AF, Kaplan SL, Hawkins EP, Mason EOJ: Hematogenous pneumococcal meningitis in the infant rat: description of a model. J Infect Dis. 1991, 164: 1207-1209.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.342","volume":"171","author":"TQ Tan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tan TQ, Wayne Smith C, Hawkins EP, Mason EOJ, Kaplan SL: Hematogenous bacterial meningitis in an intercellular adhesion molecule-1-deficient infant mouse model. J Infect Dis. 1995, 171: 342-349.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000007123","volume":"44","author":"Y Iizawa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Iizawa Y, Hiroe K, Nakao M, Okonogi K: Therapeutic efficacy of cefozopran in a murine model of haematogenous pneumococcal meningitis. Chemotherapy. 1998, 44: 265-271. 10.1159\/000007123.","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"134_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(01)00290-5","volume":"32","author":"N Tsao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tsao N, Chang WW, Liu CC, Lei HY: Development of hematogenous pneumococcal meningitis in adult mice: the role of TNF-\u03b1. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002, 32: 133-140. 10.1016\/S0928-8244(01)00290-5.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"134_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7318","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7318-7325.2001","volume":"69","author":"A Marra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Marra A, Brigham D: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes experimental meningitis following intranasal and otitis media infections via a non hematogenous route. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 7318-7325. 10.1128\/IAI.69.12.7318-7325.2001.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1086\/319271","volume":"183","author":"PJG Zwijnenburg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, van der Poll T, Florquin S, van Deventer SJH, Roord JJ, van Furth AM: Experimental pneumococcal meningitis in mice: a model of intranasal infection. J Infect Dis. 2001, 183: 1143-1146. 10.1086\/319271.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1159\/000221879","volume":"21","author":"YH Tsai","year":"1975","unstructured":"Tsai YH, Williams EB, Hirth RS, Price KE: Pneumococcal meningitis-therapeutic studies in mice. Chemotherapy. 1975, 21: 342-357.","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"134_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010000326","volume":"101","author":"J Gerber","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gerber J, Raivich G, Wellmer A, Noeske C, Kunst T, Werner A, Br\u00fcck W, Nau R: A mouse model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis mimicking several features of human disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2001, 101: 499-508.","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"134_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.4.489","volume":"45","author":"MA Shapiro","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shapiro MA, Donovan KD, Gage JW: Comparative efficacy of clinafloxacin in a pneumococcal meningitis mouse model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000, 45: 489-492. 10.1093\/jac\/45.4.489.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/60.11.1041","volume":"60","author":"U Koedel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koedel U, Paul R, Winkler F, Kastenbauer S, Huang PL, Pfister HW: Lack of endothelial nitric oxide synthase aggravates murine pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2001, 60: 1041-1050.","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"134_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00088-2","volume":"138","author":"PJG Zwijnenburg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, van der Poll T, Florquin S, Akira S, Takeda K, Roord JJ, van Furth AM: Interleukin-18 gene-deficient mice show enhanced defense and reduced inflammation during pneumococcal meningitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2003, 138: 31-37. 10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00088-2.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"134_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2276-2279.2003","volume":"71","author":"PJG Zwijnenburg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, van der Poll T, Florquin S, Roord JJ, van Furth AM: Interleukin-10 negatively regulates local cytokine and chemokine production but does not influence antibacterial host defense during murine pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 2276-2279. 10.1128\/IAI.71.4.2276-2279.2003.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.9.4724","volume":"170","author":"PJG Zwijnenburg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zwijnenburg PJG, van der Poll T, Florquin S, Roord JJ, van Furth AM: IL-1 receptor type 1 gene-deficient mice demonstrate an impaired host defense against pneumococcal meningitis. J Immunol. 2003, 170: 4724-4730.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"134_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6504","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6504-6508.2002","volume":"70","author":"A Wellmer","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wellmer A, Zysk G, Gerber J, Kunst T, von Mering M, Bunkowski S, Eiffert H, Nau R: Decreased virulence of a pneumolysin-deficient strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae in murine meningitis. Infect Immun. 2002, 70: 6504-6508. 10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6504-6508.2002.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01406-4","volume":"338","author":"T B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2003","unstructured":"B\u00f6ttcher T, Spreer A, Azeh I, Nau R, Gerber J: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deficiency impairs host defense mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of bacterial meningitis. Neurosci Lett. 2003, 338: 201-204. 10.1016\/S0304-3940(02)01406-4.","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"134_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10103","volume":"51","author":"U Koedel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koedel U, Winkler F, Angele B, Fontana A, Flavell RA, Pfister HW: Role of caspase-1 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis: evidence from pharmacologic caspase inhibition and caspase-1-deficient mice. Ann Neurol. 2002, 51: 319-329. 10.1002\/ana.10103.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"134_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4087-4092.2003","volume":"71","author":"M Schaper","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schaper M, Leib SL, Meli DN, Brandes RP, Tauber MG, Christen S: Differential effect of p47phox and gp91phox deficiency on the course of pneumococcal meningitis. Infect Immun. 2003, 71: 4087-4092. 10.1128\/IAI.71.7.4087-4092.2003.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6881-6886.2001","volume":"69","author":"A Wellmer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wellmer A, Gerber J, Ragheb J, Zysk G, Kunst T, Smirnov A, Bruck W, Nau R: Effect of deficiency of tumor necrosis factor alpha or both of its receptors on Streptococcus pneumoniae central nervous system infection and peritonitis. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 6881-6886. 10.1128\/IAI.69.11.6881-6886.2001.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.1.438","volume":"170","author":"U Koedel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Koedel U, Angele B, Rupprecht T, Wagner H, Roggenkamp A, Pfister H-W, Kirschning CJ: Toll-like receptor 2 participates in mediation of immune response in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. J Immunol. 2003, 170: 438-444.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"134_CR33","volume-title":"The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates","author":"G Paxinos","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paxinos G, Franklin KBJ: The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. 2001, Academic Press, Second Deluxe","edition":"Second Deluxe"},{"key":"134_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.79.2.137","volume":"79","author":"OT Avery","year":"1944","unstructured":"Avery OT, MacLeod CM, McCarty M: Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Induction of tranformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus type III. J Exp Med. 1944, 79: 137-158. 10.1084\/jem.79.2.137.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"134_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.8.2652-2654.1999","volume":"181","author":"F Iannelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Iannelli F, Pearce BJ, Pozzi G: The type 2 capsule locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Bacteriol. 1999, 181: 2652-2654.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"134_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(02)01312-8","volume":"153","author":"BJ Pearce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pearce BJ, Iannelli F, Pozzi G: Construction of new unencapsulated (rough) strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Res Microbiol. 2002, 153: 243-247. 10.1016\/S0923-2508(02)01312-8.","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"134_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.98.3.1073-1079.1969","volume":"98","author":"HP Bernheimer","year":"1969","unstructured":"Bernheimer HP, Wermundsen IE: Unstable binary capsulated transformants in Pneumococcus. J Bacteriol. 1969, 98: 1073-1079.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"134_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061217","volume":"293","author":"H Tettelin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tettelin H, Nelson KE, Paulsen IT, Eisen JA, Read TD, Peterson S, Heidelberg J, DeBoy RT, Haft DH, Dodson RJ, Durkin AS, Gwinn M, Kolonay JF, Nelson WC, Peterson JD, Umajama LA, White O, Salzberg SL, Lewis MR, Radune D, Holtzapple E, Khouri H, Wolf AM, Utterback TR, Hansen CL, McDonald LA, Feldblyum TV, Angiuoli S, Dickinson T, Hickey EK, Holt IE, Loftus BJ, Yang F, Smith HO, Venter JC, Dougherty BA, Morrison DA, Hollingshead SK, Fraser CM: Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Science. 2001, 293: 498-506. 10.1126\/science.1061217.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"134_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/163.2.319","volume":"163","author":"E Azoulay-Dupuis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Azoulay-Dupuis E, Bedos JP, Vallee E, Hardy DJ, Swanson RN, Pocidalo JJ: Antipneumococcal activity of ciprofloxacin, oxofloxacin and temafloxacin in an experimental mouse pneumonia model at various stages of the disease. J Infect Dis. 1991, 163: 319-324.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/172.1.119","volume":"172","author":"JR Canvin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Canvin JR, Marvin AP, Sivakumaran M, Paton JC, Boulnois GJ, Andrew PW, Mitchell TJ: The role of pneumolysin and autolysin in the pathology of pneumonia and septicemia in mice infected with a type 2 pneumococcus. J Infect Dis. 1995, 172: 119-123.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.6.1520","volume":"40","author":"K Tateda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Tateda K, Takashima K, Miyazaki H, Matsumoto T, Hatori T, Yamaguchi K: Noncompromised penicillin-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia CBA\/J mouse model and comparative efficacies of antibiotics in this model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996, 40: 1520-1525.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-44-6-490","volume":"44","author":"Y Iizawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Iizawa Y, Kitamoto K, Hiroe K, Nakao M: Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasal cavity of mice causes lower respiratory tract infection after airway obstruction. J Med Microbiol. 1996, 44: 490-495.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"134_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1123","volume":"173","author":"F Ramisse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ramisse F, Binder P, Szatanik M, Alonso JM: Passive and active immunotherapy for experimental pneumococcal pneumonia by polyvalent human immunoglobulin or F(ab')2 fragments administered intranasally. J Infect Dis. 1996, 173: 1123-1128.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"134_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/38.2.227","volume":"38","author":"F Soriano","year":"1996","unstructured":"Soriano F, Ponte C, Nieto E, Parra A: Correlation of in vitro activity and pharmacokinetics parameters with in vivo effect of amoxycillin, co-amoxiclav and cefotaxime in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996, 38: 227-236.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"134_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.153.3.694","volume":"153","author":"DE Briles","year":"1981","unstructured":"Briles DE, Nahm MH, Schroer K, Davie J, Baker P, Kearney J, Barletta R: Antiphosphocholine antibodies found in normal mouse serum are protective against intravenous infection with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Exp Med. 1981, 153: 694-705. 10.1084\/jem.153.3.694.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"134_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5294","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5294-5304.2001","volume":"69","author":"E Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang E, Ouellet N, Simard M, Fillion I, Bergeron Y, Beauchamp D, Bergeron MG: Pulmonary and systemic host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 5294-5304. 10.1128\/IAI.69.9.5294-5304.2001.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.3077-3080.2004","volume":"72","author":"F Iannelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Iannelli F, Chiavolini D, Ricci S, Oggioni MR, Pozzi G: Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) contributes to sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2004, 72: 3077-3080. 10.1128\/IAI.72.5.3077-3080.2004.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.9.3682-3688.1992","volume":"60","author":"E Blasi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Blasi E, Barluzzi R, Bistoni F, Mosci P, Bistoni : Experimental model of intracerebral infection with Cryptococcus neoformans : roles of phagocytes and opsonization. Infect Immun. 1992, 60: 3682-3688.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70819-0","volume":"35","author":"B Pillon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pillon B, Bazin B, Deweer B, Ehrle N, Baulac M, Dubois B: Specificity of memory deficits after right or left temporal lobectomy. Cortex. 1999, 35: 561-571.","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"134_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11228.x","volume":"865","author":"M Karganov","year":"1998","unstructured":"Karganov M, Romanova G, Braslawsky W, Tarshitz D, Telegdy G: Neuromodulator role of VIP in recovery of rat behavior and brain neurotransmitters level after frontal lobectomy. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998, 865: 519-522.","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"134_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.426-434.2001","volume":"69","author":"NA Gingles","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gingles NA, Alexander JE, Kadioglu A, Andrew PW, Kerr A, Mitchell TJ, Hopes E, Denny P, Brown S, Jones HB, Little S, Booth GC, McPheat WL: Role of genetic resistance in invasive pneumococcal infection: identification and study of susceptibility and resistance in inbred mouse strains. Infect Immun. 2001, 69: 426-434. 10.1128\/IAI.69.1.426-434.2001.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"134_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-3-14","volume":"3","author":"D Chiavolini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chiavolini D, Memmi G, Maggi T, Iannelli F, Pozzi G, Oggioni MR: The three extra-cellular zinc metalloproteinases of Streptococcus pneumoniae have a different impact on virulence in mice. BMC Microbiology. 2003, 3: 14-10.1186\/1471-2180-3-14.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiology"},{"key":"134_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)34150-X","volume":"12","author":"RI Carp","year":"1971","unstructured":"Carp RI, Davidson AI, Merz PA: A method for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid from mice. Res Vet Sci. 1971, 12: 499-","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"134_CR54","volume-title":"Greenfield's Neuropathology","author":"JG Greenfield","year":"2002","unstructured":"Greenfield JG, Lantos PL, Graham DI: Greenfield's Neuropathology. 2002, New York, 7","edition":"7"},{"key":"134_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00319-2","volume":"109","author":"R Barluzzi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barluzzi R, Brozzetti A, Mariucci G, Tantucci M, Neglia RG, Bistoni F, Blasi E: Establishment of protective immunity against cerebral cryptococcosis by means of an avirulent, non melanogenic Cryptococcus neoformans strain. J Neuroimmunol. 2000, 109: 75-86. 10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00319-2.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"134_CR56","first-page":"493","volume":"27","author":"LJ Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed LJ, Muench H: A simple method of estimating fifty per cent endpoints. Am J Hyg. 1938, 27: 493-497.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"134_CR57","volume-title":"Probit Analysis","author":"DJ Finney","year":"1971","unstructured":"Finney DJ: Probit Analysis. 1971, London, UK: Cambridge University Press, 3rd","edition":"3rd"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/1471-2180-4-36.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T13:08:31Z","timestamp":1728306511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1471-2180-4-36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,22]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["134"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-4-36","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2004","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2004","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2004","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}],"article-number":"36"}}